The Nordic Countries and the European Security and Defence Policy

416 THE NORDIC COUNTRIES AND THE ESDPsecurity:competence 291–92comprehensive 302, 303, 309, 310coordination 304–305costs 294definition 269elements of 302–305Europe’s responsibility 295external 303, 309–12external–internal interface 267–87guarantees and 25, 56, 60, 61, 64homeland 288–96identity 271, 273internal 304, 313–14meaning of 303societal 280, 288, 289, 292–95strategy agreed 296territorial dimension 283–84trans-boundary 285–87USA and 295widening field of 271–73, 278WMD 290security community 285–87security management, international 200–202Single European Act (1986) 105small arms and light weapons control237–38, 241–44, 250small countries, bureaucracy burden on 380soft security capabilities 91‘solidarity’ commitment 21, 23Special Envoy 226Special Representatives 224, 226Stability and Growth Pact 122strategic lift 135Strategy against Proliferation of Weapons ofMass Destruction (2003) 211, 346territorial defence 201, 271terrorism and 19, 21, 23, 267, 268, 278–86,291, 345:solidarity clause on 268, 270, 277, 279,281–82, 283–85, 286, 292terrorist attacks and 60threats to 270, 295‘troika’ 201UN and 93, 214, 273:crisis management cooperation 137–38,205, 211USA and 159, 206–207, 281, 295, 376vulnerability commission 290, 293WEU and 11, 12, 331WMD and 254, 262, 266Working Group on Conventional Arms(COARM) 241, 242, 245see also CFSP; ESDP; Petersberg TasksEU–Russia Industrialists’ Round Table 369,371EURENCO 172, 177euro 39, 53, 71, 95, 103, 109Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council (EAPC) 7,18, 69, 93EUROBALTIC Programme for CivilProtection 357‘Eurocorps’ 42Eurofighter 124Eurojust 280, 292Europe:collective interests 20USA and 54, 68, 265, 295, 345, 380see also armaments industriesEuropean Airlift Centre 135European Bank for Reconstruction andDevelopment 264European Community (EC) 38, 51, 67, 69, 95,99–100, 101, 115, 116, 200, 285, 286European Community Monitoring Mission200European Economic Area (EEA) 9, 301fn.,306European Free Trade Area (EFTA) 9European Gendarmerie Force 132European Monetary Union (EMU) 11, 53, 95European Political Cooperation 200, 253European Security Research Programme 125,134Europol 280, 292F-15 aircraft 342, 343F-16 aircraft 45, 179, 346F-35 aircraft 178failed states 122, 216, 217Faroe Islands 47–48Finland:aid from 249Anti-Personnel Mines Convention and 311,319armaments industries 171–72, 183armed forces reform 308arms control and disarmament policy 236arms exports 167, 168, 172–73, 175, 190arms imports 168, 169, 175, 191, 192basic facts about 6:military 10