The Nordic Countries and the European Security and Defence Policy

412 THE NORDIC COUNTRIES AND THE ESDPCongo, Democratic Republic of the (DRC),peacekeeping in 20–21, 71–72, 93, 119, 133,139, 211–12, 229, 273container shipping, security and 280Control Arms campaign 250Council of the Baltic Sea States (CBSS) 5fn.,44, 357crime:cross-border 156organized 122, 267Crisis Management Initiative 230Croatia 44–45, 231CSCE (Conference on Security andCo-operation in Europe) 200, 234CTBT (Comprehensive Nuclear Test-BanTreaty, 1996) 260, 261Cyprus 225–26Czech Republic 176Damgaard, Erik 106Dassault Aviation 183Davies, Norman 365–66defence equipment, cost 123defence industries see armaments industriesde Gaulle, President Charles 324Delors, Jacques 325Denmark:‘1864 syndrome’ 40–41Afghanistan and 45aid from 249Amsterdam Treaty and 105armaments industries 171, 174armed forces, reform 37, 46, 98, 306, 308,317arms exports 168, 175, 190arms imports 168, 170, 173–74, 175, 191Atlantic dimension 47–48Atlanticism 56, 64, 68, 81, 97, 108Balkans and 44–45Baltic states and 44, 158, 357basic facts about 6:military 10Bosnia and Herzegovina and 44–45CFE Treaty and 235CFSP and 95, 214civil defence 41Civilian Headline Goal 210Common Market and 100conscription 46, 317, 322Conservative People’s Party 100crisis management, civilian 311–12Croatia and 44–45Danish Institute of International Studies(DIIS) 43Danish People’s Party 103, 105Defence Commission 45–46, 307–308Defence Ministry 318EC, joining 38, 95EDA and 65Emergency Management Administration318ESDP and:collective defence and 108compound fusion 97–98criticism of 52domestic factors and 81, 95–97, 100, 101,103–105, 107, 307–308integration 72–73, 95military crisis management 209–10opt-out 11, 24, 37, 38–39, 43, 46–47, 49,56–57, 64–65, 69, 72, 75, 79, 96, 97, 98,106, 107, 109, 203, 205, 212, 306–307,308, 309, 312performance case for 96political parties 82, 83public understanding of 214scepticism about 65security guarantees 61support for 64–65EU and:Constitutional Treaty and 97domestic politics and 106, 306foreign policy 208joining 99Justice and Home Affairs 95Middle East and 211peace-building 202, 203, 211, 212, 213referendums on 105, 106, 108EU–NATO and 51–52, 56euro 39European integration and 52Faroe Islands 47–48‘footnote years’ 38, 42–45foreign forces barred 4, 234FYROM and 45G8 Global Partnership and 264Germany and 44, 96:occupation by 52Holstein 40home guard 41IEPG and 182International Brigade 46Iraq and 154, 336JSF project 179