The Nordic Countries and the European Security and Defence Policy

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396 THE NORDIC COUNTRIES AND THE ESDP(a) safeguard its values, fundamental interests,security, independence and integrity;(b) consolidate and support democracy, therule of law, human rights and the principles ofinternational law;(c) preserve peace, prevent conflicts andstrengthen international security, in accordancewith the purposes and principles of theUnited Nations Charter, with the principles ofthe Helsinki Final Act and with the aims of theCharter of Paris, including those relating toexternal borders;(d) foster the sustainable economic, socialand environmental development of developingcountries, with the primary aim of eradicatingpoverty;(e) encourage the integration of all countriesinto the world economy, including through theprogressive abolition of restrictions on internationaltrade;(f) help develop international measures topreserve and improve the quality of the environmentand the sustainable management ofglobal natural resources, in order to ensuresustainable development;(g) assist populations, countries and regionsconfronting natural or man-made disasters;(h) promote an international system basedon stronger multilateral cooperation and goodglobal governance.3. The Union shall respect the principlesand pursue the objectives set out in paragraphs1 and 2 in the development and implementationof the different areas of the Union’sexternal action covered by this Title and theexternal aspects of its other policies.The Union shall ensure consistency betweenthe different areas of its external action andbetween these and its other policies. TheCouncil and the Commission, assisted by theUnion Minister for Foreign Affairs, shallensure that consistency and shall cooperate tothat effect.Article III-2931. On the basis of the principles and objectivesset out in Article III-292, the European Councilshall identify the strategic interests andobjectives of the Union.European decisions of the European Councilon the strategic interests and objectives ofthe Union shall relate to the common foreignand security policy and to other areas of theexternal action of the Union. Such decisionsmay concern the relations of the Union with aspecific country or region or may be thematicin approach. They shall define their duration,and the means to be made available by theUnion and the Member States.The European Council shall act unanimouslyon a recommendation from the Council,adopted by the latter under the arrangementslaid down for each area. European decisionsof the European Council shall be implementedin accordance with the proceduresprovided for in the Constitution.2. The Union Minister for Foreign Affairs,for the area of common foreign and securitypolicy, and the Commission, for other areas ofexternal action, may submit joint proposals tothe Council.Chapter II. Common foreign and securitypolicySection 1. Common provisionsArticle III-2941. In the context of the principles and objectivesof its external action, the Union shalldefine and implement a common foreign andsecurity policy covering all areas of foreignand security policy.2. The Member States shall support thecommon foreign and security policy activelyand unreservedly in a spirit of loyalty andmutual solidarity.The Member States shall work together toenhance and develop their mutual politicalsolidarity. They shall refrain from any actionwhich is contrary to the interests of the Unionor likely to impair its effectiveness as a cohesiveforce in international relations.The Council and the Union Minister forForeign Affairs shall ensure that these principlesare complied with.3. The Union shall conduct the commonforeign and security policy by:(a) defining the general guidelines;(b) adopting European decisions defining:(i) actions to be undertaken by the Union;(ii) positions to be taken by the Union;(iii) arrangements for the implementation ofthe European decisions referred to in points (i)and (ii);
(c) strengthening systematic cooperationbetween Member States in the conduct ofpolicy.EU CONSTITUTIONAL TREATY 397Foreign Affairs after consulting the EuropeanParliament and after obtaining the consent ofthe Commission.Article III-295Article III-2971. The European Council shall define the generalguidelines for the common foreign andsecurity policy, including for matters withdefence implications.If international developments so require, thePresident of the European Council shall convenean extraordinary meeting of the EuropeanCouncil in order to define the strategic lines ofthe Union’s policy in the face of such developments.2. The Council shall adopt the Europeandecisions necessary for defining and implementingthe common foreign and securitypolicy on the basis of the general guidelinesand strategic lines defined by the EuropeanCouncil.Article III-2961. The Union Minister for Foreign Affairs,who shall chair the Foreign Affairs Council,shall contribute through his or her proposalstowards the preparation of the common foreignand security policy and shall ensureimplementation of the European decisionsadopted by the European Council and theCouncil.2. The Minister for Foreign Affairs shallrepresent the Union for matters relating to thecommon foreign and security policy. He or sheshall conduct political dialogue with thirdparties on the Union’s behalf and shall expressthe Union’s position in international organisationsand at international conferences.3. In fulfilling his or her mandate, the UnionMinister for Foreign Affairs shall be assistedby a European External Action Service. Thisservice shall work in cooperation with thediplomatic services of the Member States andshall comprise officials from relevant departmentsof the General Secretariat of the Counciland of the Commission as well as staffseconded from national diplomatic services ofthe Member States. The organisation andfunctioning of the European External ActionService shall be established by a Europeandecision of the Council. The Council shall acton a proposal from the Union Minister for1. Where the international situation requiresoperational action by the Union, the Councilshall adopt the necessary European decisions.Such decisions shall lay down the objectives,the scope, the means to be made available tothe Union, if necessary the duration, and theconditions for implementation of the action.If there is a change in circumstances havinga substantial effect on a question subject tosuch a European decision, the Council shallreview the principles and objectives of thatdecision and adopt the necessary Europeandecisions.2. The European decisions referred to inparagraph 1 shall commit the Member Statesin the positions they adopt and in the conductof their activity.3. Whenever there is any plan to adopt anational position or take national action pursuantto a European decision as referred to inparagraph 1, information shall be provided bythe Member State concerned in time to allow,if necessary, for prior consultations within theCouncil. The obligation to provide prior informationshall not apply to measures which aremerely a national transposition of such a decision.4. In cases of imperative need arising fromchanges in the situation and failing a review ofthe European decision pursuant to the secondsubparagraph of paragraph 1, Member Statesmay take the necessary measures as a matterof urgency, having regard to the generalobjectives of that decision. The Member Stateconcerned shall inform the Council immediatelyof any such measures.5. Should there be any major difficulties inimplementing a European decision as referredto in this Article, a Member State shall referthem to the Council which shall discuss themand seek appropriate solutions. Such solutionsshall not run counter to the objectives of theaction or impair its effectiveness.Article III-298The Council shall adopt European decisionswhich shall define the approach of the Union
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THE NORDICCOUNTRIES ANDTHE EUROPEAN
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Alyson J. K. Bailes (United Kingdom
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The Nordic Countries andthe Europea
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The Nordic Countries andthe Europea
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ContentsPrefacexiiAbbreviations and
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CONTENTSII. The European security c
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CONTENTSII. The small arms and ligh
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CONTENTSII. Iceland and the emergen
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PREFACEThe conference on the Nordic
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2 THE NORDIC COUNTRIES AND THE ESDP
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10 THE NORDIC COUNTRIES AND THE ESD
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Editor’s remarksGunilla HerolfPar
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EDITOR’S REMARKS 31which the vari
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EDITOR’S REMARKS 33mark as well s
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EDITOR’S REMARKS 35The Europeaniz
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1. Denmark and the European Securit
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DENMARK AND THE ESDP 39European def
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DENMARK AND THE ESDP 41safely leave
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DENMARK AND THE ESDP 43motions to t
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DENMARK AND THE ESDP 45effective
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DENMARK AND THE ESDP 47connected an
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52 INSTITUTIONAL AND NATIONAL POLIT
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100 INSTITUTIONAL AND NATIONAL POLI
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Part IINational defence and Europea
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114 THE BROADER DIMENSIONS OF SECUR
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6. The impact of EU capability targ
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CAPABILITY TARGETS AND OPERATIONAL
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7. The impact of EU capability targ
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THE CASE OF SWEDEN 143Government ha
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THE CASE OF SWEDEN 145immediate reg
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THE CASE OF SWEDEN 147SAF Headquart
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THE CASE OF SWEDEN 149the navy will
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‘NOT ONLY, BUT ALSO NORDIC’ 151
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9. Hardware politics, ‘hard polit
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HARDWARE POLITICS 169Sweden’s sec
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HARDWARE POLITICS 171the exploitati
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HARDWARE POLITICS 173share of Finla
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HARDWARE POLITICS 175and procuremen
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HARDWARE POLITICS 177of internation
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HARDWARE POLITICS 179reluctant to a
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HARDWARE POLITICS 181EU ambitions a
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HARDWARE POLITICS 183Nordic armamen
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10. The Nordic attitude to and role
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DEFENCE INDUSTRIAL COLLABORATION 18
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Part IIINordic handling of the broa
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13. The Nordic countries and conven
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14. Nordic nuclear non-proliferatio
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16. Muddling through: how the EU is
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Editor’s remarksAlyson J. K. Bail
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302 THE NORDIC COUNTRIES, THEIR REG
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20. Iceland and the European Securi
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Page 411 and 412: AppendixExtracts from the Treaty Es
Page 413: ments, to promote measures to satis
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Page 421 and 422: EU CONSTITUTIONAL TREATY 403enhance
Page 423 and 424: ABOUT THE AUTHORS 405ning, Det 21.
Page 425 and 426: ABOUT THE AUTHORS 407Karlis Neretni
Page 427 and 428: ABOUT THE AUTHORS 409her publicatio
Page 429 and 430: INDEX 411Atlanticism 364banking 357
Page 431 and 432: INDEX 413Kosovo and 45Left Socialis
Page 433 and 434: INDEX 415Counter-Terrorism Coordina
Page 435 and 436: attle group 154, 181Central Union o
Page 437 and 438: INDEX 419Iceland Defense Force 328,
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Page 441 and 442: INDEX 423NPT (Non-Proliferation Tre
Page 443 and 444: ESDP and 12, 16, 19, 24, 54-55, 59,
Page 445: INDEX 427Vienna Documents 236Viking
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