The Nordic Countries and the European Security and Defence Policy

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76 INSTITUTIONAL AND NATIONAL POLITICSThe problem is when regional groups become involved in zero-sum games,one pitted against another in the competition for common EU resources. Arguably,in many cases, if what is sought is an integrated and harmonious Europe,it is healthier that countries should not seek to form a regional group but insteadfind partners among all members of the organization.If the present development continues, the most likely scenario is one in whichinstitutional borderlines gradually wither away as the organizations grow largerand their memberships become more heterogeneous. This scenario has someadvantages, promising less institutional rivalry and greater ease of cooperation.However, it would not be the best solution for the Nordic countries if it were tobe combined with a trend towards ad hoc cooperation involving only the majorstates, the signs of which can already be seen in NATO. Big and small memberstogether need, therefore, to master the problem of making efficiency andcohesion meet; no one would be happy with a Europe in which only a fewcountries were seriously involved in shaping its future.
4. Domestic influences on Nordic security anddefence policy: from the perspective offusionLee MilesI. IntroductionThe traditional discourse associated with the Nordic countries in the context ofsecurity questions typically emphasizes the importance of domestic factors inthe shaping of their policies on the European Union’s security and defencepolicy and on security in general. In the first place this may simply reflect thefact that the Nordic countries are mature liberal democracies. As such, most ofthem display strong tendencies towards consensus policy making in the nationalcontext, and so the emphasis on seeking domestic consensus will—albeit to alimited extent—spill over into the making of foreign policy. With somesimplification, there is a systemic tendency endemic in these open and transparentsystems of governance to ensure that the main tenets of Nordic securitypolicies enjoy the broad support of the elite of the mainstream political partiesand often of the whole population. Second, the wider political values held byNordic populations, such as strong attachments to internationalism, peace andsecurity, a liberal view of human rights and moral responsibilities towardsdeveloping countries, are consistent features of the Nordic countries’ foreignpolicies. Of course, many might dispute whether the foreign and security policiesof the Nordic countries are influenced by domestic factors and reflect the‘will of the people’, or whether it is the foreign-policy makers who have beenactive in shaping the will of the population. This would, however, miss thepoint and is largely an esoteric exercise in analysis. What is important is torecognize that the domestic background is influential and has a complex interrelationshipwith the shaping of Nordic countries’ foreign and security policies.Furthermore, it can be argued that domestic factors will particularly influenceNordic perspectives towards the evolving European Security and DefencePolicy precisely because ‘Europe’ has such resonance and attracts such controversyin Nordic domestic debates. For the domestic populations, and irrespectiveof whether the country is an EU member or not, discussions on Europe havea comparatively long history dating back several decades. The Nordic populationsview the ESDP through the prism of broader, often volatile popularviews about the merits of further integration (in Denmark, Finland and Sweden)and EU membership (in Iceland and Norway).
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THE NORDICCOUNTRIES ANDTHE EUROPEAN
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Alyson J. K. Bailes (United Kingdom
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The Nordic Countries andthe Europea
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The Nordic Countries andthe Europea
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ContentsPrefacexiiAbbreviations and
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CONTENTSII. The European security c
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CONTENTSII. The small arms and ligh
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CONTENTSII. Iceland and the emergen
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PREFACEThe conference on the Nordic
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2 THE NORDIC COUNTRIES AND THE ESDP
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10 THE NORDIC COUNTRIES AND THE ESD
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Page 44 and 45: 26 THE NORDIC COUNTRIES AND THE ESD
Page 47 and 48: Editor’s remarksGunilla HerolfPar
Page 49 and 50: EDITOR’S REMARKS 31which the vari
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Page 53 and 54: EDITOR’S REMARKS 35The Europeaniz
Page 55 and 56: 1. Denmark and the European Securit
Page 57 and 58: DENMARK AND THE ESDP 39European def
Page 59 and 60: DENMARK AND THE ESDP 41safely leave
Page 61 and 62: DENMARK AND THE ESDP 43motions to t
Page 63 and 64: DENMARK AND THE ESDP 45effective
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Page 129: Part IINational defence and Europea
Page 132 and 133: 114 THE BROADER DIMENSIONS OF SECUR
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Page 139 and 140: CAPABILITY TARGETS AND OPERATIONAL
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CAPABILITY TARGETS AND OPERATIONAL
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7. The impact of EU capability targ
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THE CASE OF SWEDEN 143Government ha
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THE CASE OF SWEDEN 145immediate reg
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THE CASE OF SWEDEN 147SAF Headquart
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THE CASE OF SWEDEN 149the navy will
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‘NOT ONLY, BUT ALSO NORDIC’ 151
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9. Hardware politics, ‘hard polit
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HARDWARE POLITICS 169Sweden’s sec
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HARDWARE POLITICS 171the exploitati
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HARDWARE POLITICS 173share of Finla
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HARDWARE POLITICS 175and procuremen
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HARDWARE POLITICS 177of internation
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HARDWARE POLITICS 179reluctant to a
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HARDWARE POLITICS 181EU ambitions a
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HARDWARE POLITICS 183Nordic armamen
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10. The Nordic attitude to and role
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DEFENCE INDUSTRIAL COLLABORATION 18
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Part IIINordic handling of the broa
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196 THE BROADER DIMENSIONS OF SECUR
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13. The Nordic countries and conven
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14. Nordic nuclear non-proliferatio
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16. Muddling through: how the EU is
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Editor’s remarksAlyson J. K. Bail
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302 THE NORDIC COUNTRIES, THEIR REG
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20. Iceland and the European Securi
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22. The Baltic states and security
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23. Baltic perspectives on the Euro
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AppendixExtracts from the Treaty Es
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ments, to promote measures to satis
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(c) strengthening systematic cooper
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Article III-303The Union may conclu
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shall carry out its tasks in liaiso
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EU CONSTITUTIONAL TREATY 403enhance
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ABOUT THE AUTHORS 405ning, Det 21.
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ABOUT THE AUTHORS 407Karlis Neretni
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ABOUT THE AUTHORS 409her publicatio
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INDEX 411Atlanticism 364banking 357
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INDEX 413Kosovo and 45Left Socialis
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INDEX 415Counter-Terrorism Coordina
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attle group 154, 181Central Union o
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INDEX 419Iceland Defense Force 328,
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INDEX 421Washington Declaration (19
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INDEX 423NPT (Non-Proliferation Tre
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ESDP and 12, 16, 19, 24, 54-55, 59,
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INDEX 427Vienna Documents 236Viking
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