The Nordic Countries and the European Security and Defence Policy

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400 THE NORDIC COUNTRIES AND THE ESDPArticle III-308The implementation of the common foreignand security policy shall not affect the applicationof the procedures and the extent of thepowers of the institutions laid down by theConstitution for the exercise of the Unioncompetences referred to in Articles I-13 toI-15 and I-17.Similarly, the implementation of the policieslisted in those Articles shall not affect theapplication of the procedures and the extent ofthe powers of the institutions laid down by theConstitution for the exercise of the Unioncompetences under this Chapter.Section 2. The common security anddefence policyArticle III-3091. The tasks referred to in Article I-41(1), inthe course of which the Union may use civilianand military means, shall include jointdisarmament operations, humanitarian andrescue tasks, military advice and assistancetasks, conflict prevention and peace-keepingtasks, tasks of combat forces in crisis management,including peace-making and postconflictstabilisation. All these tasks may contributeto the fight against terrorism, includingby supporting third countries in combatingterrorism in their territories.2. The Council shall adopt European decisionsrelating to the tasks referred to in paragraph1, defining their objectives and scopeand the general conditions for their implementation.The Union Minister for ForeignAffairs, acting under the authority of theCouncil and in close and constant contact withthe Political and Security Committee, shallensure coordination of the civilian and militaryaspects of such tasks.Article III-3101. Within the framework of the European decisionsadopted in accordance with ArticleIII-309, the Council may entrust theimplementation of a task to a group of MemberStates which are willing and have thenecessary capability for such a task. ThoseMember States, in association with the UnionMinister for Foreign Affairs, shall agreeamong themselves on the management of thetask.2. Member States participating in the taskshall keep the Council regularly informed ofits progress on their own initiative or at therequest of another Member State. Those Statesshall inform the Council immediately shouldthe completion of the task entail major consequencesor require amendment of the objective,scope and conditions determined for thetask in the European decisions referred to inparagraph 1. In such cases, the Council shalladopt the necessary European decisions.Article III-3111. The Agency in the field of defence capabilitiesdevelopment, research, acquisition andarmaments (European Defence Agency),established by Article I-41(3) and subject tothe authority of the Council, shall have as itstask to:(a) contribute to identifying the MemberStates’ military capability objectives andevaluating observance of the capability commitmentsgiven by the Member States;(b) promote harmonisation of operationalneeds and adoption of effective, compatibleprocurement methods;(c) propose multilateral projects to fulfil theobjectives in terms of military capabilities,ensure coordination of the programmes implementedby the Member States and managementof specific cooperation programmes;(d) support defence technology research,and coordinate and plan joint research activitiesand the study of technical solutionsmeeting future operational needs;(e) contribute to identifying and, if necessary,implementing any useful measure forstrengthening the industrial and technologicalbase of the defence sector and for improvingthe effectiveness of military expenditure.2. The European Defence Agency shall beopen to all Member States wishing to be partof it. The Council, acting by a qualified majority,shall adopt a European decision definingthe Agency’s statute, seat and operationalrules. That decision should take account of thelevel of effective participation in the Agency’sactivities. Specific groups shall be set upwithin the Agency bringing together MemberStates engaged in joint projects. The Agency
shall carry out its tasks in liaison with theCommission where necessary.Article III-312EU CONSTITUTIONAL TREATY 4011. Those Member States which wish to participatein the permanent structured cooperationreferred to in Article I-41(6), which fulfilthe criteria and have made the commitmentson military capabilities set out in the Protocolon permanent structured cooperation shallnotify their intention to the Council and to theUnion Minister for Foreign Affairs.2. Within three months following the notificationreferred to in paragraph 1 the Councilshall adopt a European decision establishingpermanent structured cooperation and determiningthe list of participating Member States.The Council shall act by a qualified majorityafter consulting the Union Minister for ForeignAffairs.3. Any Member State which, at a later stage,wishes to participate in the permanent structuredcooperation shall notify its intention tothe Council and to the Union Minister forForeign Affairs.The Council shall adopt a European decisionconfirming the participation of the MemberState concerned which fulfils the criteriaand makes the commitments referred to inArticles 1 and 2 of the Protocol on permanentstructured cooperation. The Council shall actby a qualified majority after consulting theUnion Minister for Foreign Affairs. Onlymembers of the Council representing the participatingMember States shall take part in thevote.A qualified majority shall be defined as atleast 55% of the members of the Council representingthe participating Member States,comprising at least 65% of the population ofthese States.A blocking minority must include at leastthe minimum number of Council membersrepresenting more than 35% of the populationof the participating Member States, plus onemember, failing which the qualified majorityshall be deemed attained.4. If a participating Member State no longerfulfils the criteria or is no longer able to meetthe commitments referred to in Articles 1 and2 of the Protocol on permanent structuredcooperation, the Council may adopt a Europeandecision suspending the participation ofthe Member State concerned.The Council shall act by a qualified majority.Only members of the Council representingthe participating Member States, with theexception of the Member State in question,shall take part in the vote.A qualified majority shall be defined as atleast 55% of the members of the Council representingthe participating Member States,comprising at least 65% of the population ofthese States.A blocking minority must include at leastthe minimum number of Council membersrepresenting more than 35% of the populationof the participating Member States, plus onemember, failing which the qualified majorityshall be deemed attained.5. Any participating Member State whichwishes to withdraw from permanent structuredcooperation shall notify its intention to theCouncil, which shall take note that the MemberState in question has ceased to participate.6. The European decisions and recommendationsof the Council within the frameworkof permanent structured cooperation, otherthan those provided for in paragraphs 2 to 5,shall be adopted by unanimity. For the purposesof this paragraph, unanimity shall beconstituted by the votes of the representativesof the participating Member States only.Section 3. Financial provisionsArticle III-3131. Administrative expenditure which theimplementation of this Chapter entails for theinstitutions shall be charged to the Unionbudget.2. Operating expenditure to which theimplementation of this Chapter gives rise shallalso be charged to the Union budget, exceptfor such expenditure arising from operationshaving military or defence implications andcases where the Council decides otherwise.In cases where expenditure is not charged tothe Union budget it shall be charged to theMember States in accordance with the grossnational product scale, unless the Councildecides otherwise. As for expenditure arisingfrom operations having military or defenceimplications, Member States whose representativesin the Council have made a formal
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THE NORDICCOUNTRIES ANDTHE EUROPEAN
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Alyson J. K. Bailes (United Kingdom
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The Nordic Countries andthe Europea
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The Nordic Countries andthe Europea
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ContentsPrefacexiiAbbreviations and
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CONTENTSII. The European security c
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CONTENTSII. The small arms and ligh
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CONTENTSII. Iceland and the emergen
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PREFACEThe conference on the Nordic
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2 THE NORDIC COUNTRIES AND THE ESDP
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10 THE NORDIC COUNTRIES AND THE ESD
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Editor’s remarksGunilla HerolfPar
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EDITOR’S REMARKS 31which the vari
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EDITOR’S REMARKS 33mark as well s
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EDITOR’S REMARKS 35The Europeaniz
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1. Denmark and the European Securit
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DENMARK AND THE ESDP 39European def
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DENMARK AND THE ESDP 41safely leave
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DENMARK AND THE ESDP 43motions to t
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DENMARK AND THE ESDP 45effective
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DENMARK AND THE ESDP 47connected an
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52 INSTITUTIONAL AND NATIONAL POLIT
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100 INSTITUTIONAL AND NATIONAL POLI
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Part IINational defence and Europea
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114 THE BROADER DIMENSIONS OF SECUR
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6. The impact of EU capability targ
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CAPABILITY TARGETS AND OPERATIONAL
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7. The impact of EU capability targ
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THE CASE OF SWEDEN 143Government ha
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THE CASE OF SWEDEN 145immediate reg
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THE CASE OF SWEDEN 147SAF Headquart
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THE CASE OF SWEDEN 149the navy will
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‘NOT ONLY, BUT ALSO NORDIC’ 151
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9. Hardware politics, ‘hard polit
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HARDWARE POLITICS 169Sweden’s sec
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HARDWARE POLITICS 171the exploitati
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HARDWARE POLITICS 173share of Finla
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HARDWARE POLITICS 175and procuremen
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HARDWARE POLITICS 177of internation
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HARDWARE POLITICS 179reluctant to a
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HARDWARE POLITICS 181EU ambitions a
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HARDWARE POLITICS 183Nordic armamen
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10. The Nordic attitude to and role
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DEFENCE INDUSTRIAL COLLABORATION 18
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Part IIINordic handling of the broa
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13. The Nordic countries and conven
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14. Nordic nuclear non-proliferatio
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16. Muddling through: how the EU is
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Editor’s remarksAlyson J. K. Bail
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302 THE NORDIC COUNTRIES, THEIR REG
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20. Iceland and the European Securi
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Page 368 and 369: 350 THE NORDIC COUNTRIES, THEIR REG
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Page 411 and 412: AppendixExtracts from the Treaty Es
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Page 421 and 422: EU CONSTITUTIONAL TREATY 403enhance
Page 423 and 424: ABOUT THE AUTHORS 405ning, Det 21.
Page 425 and 426: ABOUT THE AUTHORS 407Karlis Neretni
Page 427 and 428: ABOUT THE AUTHORS 409her publicatio
Page 429 and 430: INDEX 411Atlanticism 364banking 357
Page 431 and 432: INDEX 413Kosovo and 45Left Socialis
Page 433 and 434: INDEX 415Counter-Terrorism Coordina
Page 435 and 436: attle group 154, 181Central Union o
Page 437 and 438: INDEX 419Iceland Defense Force 328,
Page 439 and 440: INDEX 421Washington Declaration (19
Page 441 and 442: INDEX 423NPT (Non-Proliferation Tre
Page 443 and 444: ESDP and 12, 16, 19, 24, 54-55, 59,
Page 445: INDEX 427Vienna Documents 236Viking
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