The Nordic Countries and the European Security and Defence Policy

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244 THE BROADER DIMENSIONS OF SECURITYcirculated; this review had become controversially linked with the possiblelifting of the EU arms embargo on China. 43 The EU Joint Action constitutes amajor part of the non-proliferation and disarmament dimension of the CFSP,currently accounting for about half of the CFSP activities covering these areas(the other half being focused on weapons of mass destruction). Nonproliferationand disarmament accounted for 7.2 million of the total CFSPbudget of 62.2 million in 2005. 44IV. Nordic regional cooperationAll the Nordic governments are committed to measures against SALW, and thesame concerns, stemming from at least three basic Nordic values—humanitarianthinking, conflict prevention and restraint in the arms trade—are widelyshared at parliamentary and popular level. Nevertheless, initiatives aimed atintroducing Nordic Council 45 resolutions on arms issues have not met with success.For example, in October 2003 the Socialist–Green group in the NordicCouncil tabled a draft resolution on ‘openness and increased parliamentaryinfluence in arms export policies’. 46 This resolution was not passed, leadingKristin Halvorsen, the head of Norway’s Socialist Left party, to state that‘Nordic arms export—it is never mentioned’. 47Defence equipment procurement is, in fact, subject to two Nordic arrangements.48 The first is the 1994 Nordic Armaments Co-operation (NORDAC)Agreement, which has involved over 60 inter-Nordic cooperation projects. Anupdated agreement, which came into force in 2001, concerns support for industrialcooperation in the military equipment sector between Denmark, Finland,Norway and Sweden. 49 In terms of supply-side control, the most importantaspect of these agreements is that the Nordic countries do not require end-userinformation on a reciprocal basis. End-user certificates are standard exportcontrol documents that define the ultimate ‘end-user’ of a defence export. Towaive the requirement for such a certificate implies that a high degree of trust43 Anthony, I. and Bauer, S., ‘Transfer controls’, SIPRI Yearbook 2005 (note 10), p. 718; and Wezeman,S. T. and Bromley, M., ‘International arms transfers’, SIPRI Yearbook 2005 (note 10), pp. 438–41.44 European Union, 2005 General Budget, vol. 3 (section 3), Commission (Office for Official Publicationsof the European Communities: Luxembourg, 2004), URL , title 19, chapter 19 03.45 The Nordic Council is a joint parliamentary body formed in 1952 with the aim of promotingcooperation between Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden. On the Nordic Council and theNordic Council of Ministers see URL .46 ‘Member’s proposal on openness and increased parliamentary influence in arms export policies(A 1295/Presidium)’, Nordic Council, 29 Oct. 2003, URL .47 Halvorsen, K., Press meeting on Nordic Arms Export Control, Oslo, 28 Oct. 2003, URL .48 On these arrangements see chapter 9 in this volume.49 Agreement between the Kingdom of Denmark, the Republic of Finland, the Kingdom of Norway andthe Kingdom of Sweden Concerning Support for Industrial Cooperation in the Defence Materiel Area(NORDAC Agreement), 9 Nov. 2000. For more information see the NORDAC Internet site, URL .
CONVENTIONAL ARMS CONTROL 245must exist between the Nordic partners, even across the dividing lines of EUand NATO membership; arms transfers can and do take place, for example,between Finland and Norway.A further Nordic initiative of note is the Baltic–Nordic consultations onexport control. These take place annually and place emphasis on improving theBaltic states’ export control regimes. These regular seminars are the only areaconcerning conventional arms in which the Nordic states have defined a collectiverelationship with states outside the Nordic region.Nordic engagement in EU policyThe COARM and POLARM committees are not subdivided into regionalblocks. Instead, ad hoc groups of governments tend to coalesce around specificissues. It is therefore difficult to point to a distinctively Nordic relationshipbetween the three Nordic EU members, respectively, and the other memberstates in these committees. Moreover, it is difficult to discern a trend of Nordicleadership in the sources of significant EU initiatives concerning SALW andconventional arms (see table 13.1).The lack of Nordic leadership in the EU might be explained by the fact ofthese states’ smaller input to the arms trade—although this is hardly smallerthan that of Ireland; and by the fact that Finland and Sweden joined the EU onlyon 1 January 1995. Perhaps it takes time to develop the confidence to leadinitiatives. As reported elsewhere in this volume, 50 however, these two countriesdid take decisive joint action at several stages in the development of EU policieson ‘active’ defence and security, as well as jointly promoting other causes,such as transparency in EU governance. The only possible conclusion is that—since Nordic governments’ SALW policies remain so similar—they have notseen the EU as a primary means of pursuing their policy objectives concerningSALW or have preferred to keep their activism in the EU on a national basis.EU initiatives and the non-EU Nordic statesIceland and Norway have stated that they will voluntarily follow the principlesof the 1998 EU Code of Conduct on Arms Exports. 51 A consultative meetingwith Norway to discuss the revision of the Code of Conduct was held inNovember 2004. COARM has also discussed providing information on licencedenials by EU members to Norway. In addition, and in harmony with a longNordic tradition of acting in concert at the UN, Iceland and Norway have50 See, e.g., the Introduction to this volume.51 European Parliament resolution on the Council’s Second Annual Report according to Operative Provision8 of the European Union Code of Conduct on Arms Exports (13177/1/2000 - C5-0111/2001 -2001/2050(COS)), document A5-0309/2001, 3 Oct. 2001, URL .
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THE NORDICCOUNTRIES ANDTHE EUROPEAN
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Alyson J. K. Bailes (United Kingdom
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The Nordic Countries andthe Europea
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The Nordic Countries andthe Europea
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ContentsPrefacexiiAbbreviations and
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CONTENTSII. The European security c
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CONTENTSII. The small arms and ligh
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CONTENTSII. Iceland and the emergen
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PREFACEThe conference on the Nordic
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2 THE NORDIC COUNTRIES AND THE ESDP
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10 THE NORDIC COUNTRIES AND THE ESD
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Editor’s remarksGunilla HerolfPar
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EDITOR’S REMARKS 31which the vari
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EDITOR’S REMARKS 33mark as well s
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EDITOR’S REMARKS 35The Europeaniz
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1. Denmark and the European Securit
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DENMARK AND THE ESDP 39European def
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DENMARK AND THE ESDP 41safely leave
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DENMARK AND THE ESDP 43motions to t
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DENMARK AND THE ESDP 45effective
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DENMARK AND THE ESDP 47connected an
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52 INSTITUTIONAL AND NATIONAL POLIT
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100 INSTITUTIONAL AND NATIONAL POLI
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Part IINational defence and Europea
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114 THE BROADER DIMENSIONS OF SECUR
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6. The impact of EU capability targ
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CAPABILITY TARGETS AND OPERATIONAL
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7. The impact of EU capability targ
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THE CASE OF SWEDEN 143Government ha
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THE CASE OF SWEDEN 145immediate reg
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THE CASE OF SWEDEN 147SAF Headquart
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THE CASE OF SWEDEN 149the navy will
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‘NOT ONLY, BUT ALSO NORDIC’ 151
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9. Hardware politics, ‘hard polit
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HARDWARE POLITICS 169Sweden’s sec
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HARDWARE POLITICS 171the exploitati
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HARDWARE POLITICS 173share of Finla
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HARDWARE POLITICS 175and procuremen
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HARDWARE POLITICS 177of internation
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HARDWARE POLITICS 179reluctant to a
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HARDWARE POLITICS 181EU ambitions a
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HARDWARE POLITICS 183Nordic armamen
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10. The Nordic attitude to and role
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DEFENCE INDUSTRIAL COLLABORATION 18
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Page 211: Part IIINordic handling of the broa
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Editor’s remarksAlyson J. K. Bail
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302 THE NORDIC COUNTRIES, THEIR REG
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20. Iceland and the European Securi
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22. The Baltic states and security
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23. Baltic perspectives on the Euro
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AppendixExtracts from the Treaty Es
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ments, to promote measures to satis
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(c) strengthening systematic cooper
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Article III-303The Union may conclu
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shall carry out its tasks in liaiso
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EU CONSTITUTIONAL TREATY 403enhance
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ABOUT THE AUTHORS 405ning, Det 21.
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ABOUT THE AUTHORS 407Karlis Neretni
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ABOUT THE AUTHORS 409her publicatio
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INDEX 411Atlanticism 364banking 357
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INDEX 413Kosovo and 45Left Socialis
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INDEX 415Counter-Terrorism Coordina
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attle group 154, 181Central Union o
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INDEX 419Iceland Defense Force 328,
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INDEX 421Washington Declaration (19
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INDEX 423NPT (Non-Proliferation Tre
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ESDP and 12, 16, 19, 24, 54-55, 59,
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INDEX 427Vienna Documents 236Viking
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