The Nordic Countries and the European Security and Defence Policy

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362 THE NORDIC COUNTRIES, THEIR REGION AND EUROPEthe most obvious case. 14 Combined with the current developments in Russia,where the state seems to be trying to take control of what are considered vitalparts of the economy, this opens up the possibility that Russia will use its assetsin the Baltic states as a tool for promoting its political interests.Although they are perhaps of only minor importance in today’s world, thereare some historical facts that should be taken into consideration when trying todetermine to whom the governments in Tallinn, Riga and Vilnius might listenwhen security issues are discussed. There is a lingering discomfort withSweden’s and Germany’s dealings with the Soviet Union in the past. The 1939Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact between the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany has notbeen forgotten. Nor has Sweden’s prompt recognition of the Soviet occupationof the Baltic states in 1940 and its action in surrendering some 140 Latvian andEstonian soldiers who had fought in the German army during World War II.Finland, on the other hand, is often held in high esteem owing to its tenaciousstruggle to preserve its freedom during World War II and its pragmatic view onsecurity matters. Even such distant events as the British support during the warsof liberation in 1918–20 are remembered.IV. ConclusionsIt is improbable that there will be anything like a common ‘northern’ securitypolicy in the near future. The countries concerned have ways of viewing theworld that are too divergent and have different views on what should be consideredas threats to their security.The European Security and Defence Policy, as it currently seems to bedeveloping, will not be an answer to the security needs of the Baltic states.Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania will continue to rely on NATO, or rather on theUSA, when it comes to hard security—which will continue to be a very importantpart of their security thinking overall. The areas where more cooperationcan be expected between the Baltic, Nordic and other European states in thedefence field will probably concern military equipment and peace operations:none of them really related to the security of the Baltic Sea region, but neverthelessgiving openings for continued contacts on defence matters. 15It would be very much in the interest of the Baltic states for Finland andSweden to join NATO. Apart from enhancing the defensibility of the Balticstates it would also, to some extent, counterbalance the influence of Germanyand Poland when it comes to military matters in the Baltic Sea region, givingthe governments of the three Baltic states more partners to chose from whendeveloping their capabilities and making them less dependent on the agendas oftheir big neighbours. From a Swedish—and perhaps to some extent from a14 The ownership by the Russian oil company Yukos of a 53.7% stake in the Mazeikiu oil refinery inLithuania—the only refinery in the Baltic states—is often mentioned as an example. See, e.g., ‘Lithuania,Yukos complete talks over disputed stake in Mazeikiu refinery’, Moscow News, 19 July 2005, URL.15 See chapters 6, 9, 10 and 11 in this volume.
THE BALTIC STATES AND SECURITY IN NORTHERN EU ROP E 363Finnish—viewpoint, to be tied up in the defence of the Baltic states is a nightmarescenario. Especially in Sweden, such a situation would run counter to alltraditional wisdom concerning security policy. This is also one of the reasonswhy Sweden is so lukewarm about moves to making the ESDP a more potentinstrument.The only reason for the Baltic states to put their trust in the ESDP would be ifthey came to the conclusion that they could no longer trust the USA as aguarantor of their security. Their alternative would then be to push hard for theESDP to be developed into a real military alliance. In a scenario of reduced USinvolvement, it is hard to imagine that the problems connected with such adevelopment of the ESDP would be much easier to solve than those of todaywhen it comes to creating a common security policy in the Baltic Sea region.
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THE NORDICCOUNTRIES ANDTHE EUROPEAN
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Alyson J. K. Bailes (United Kingdom
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The Nordic Countries andthe Europea
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The Nordic Countries andthe Europea
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ContentsPrefacexiiAbbreviations and
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CONTENTSII. The European security c
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CONTENTSII. The small arms and ligh
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CONTENTSII. Iceland and the emergen
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PREFACEThe conference on the Nordic
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2 THE NORDIC COUNTRIES AND THE ESDP
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10 THE NORDIC COUNTRIES AND THE ESD
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Editor’s remarksGunilla HerolfPar
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EDITOR’S REMARKS 31which the vari
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EDITOR’S REMARKS 33mark as well s
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EDITOR’S REMARKS 35The Europeaniz
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1. Denmark and the European Securit
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DENMARK AND THE ESDP 39European def
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DENMARK AND THE ESDP 41safely leave
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DENMARK AND THE ESDP 43motions to t
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DENMARK AND THE ESDP 45effective
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DENMARK AND THE ESDP 47connected an
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52 INSTITUTIONAL AND NATIONAL POLIT
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100 INSTITUTIONAL AND NATIONAL POLI
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Part IINational defence and Europea
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114 THE BROADER DIMENSIONS OF SECUR
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6. The impact of EU capability targ
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CAPABILITY TARGETS AND OPERATIONAL
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7. The impact of EU capability targ
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THE CASE OF SWEDEN 143Government ha
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THE CASE OF SWEDEN 145immediate reg
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THE CASE OF SWEDEN 147SAF Headquart
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THE CASE OF SWEDEN 149the navy will
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‘NOT ONLY, BUT ALSO NORDIC’ 151
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9. Hardware politics, ‘hard polit
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HARDWARE POLITICS 169Sweden’s sec
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HARDWARE POLITICS 171the exploitati
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HARDWARE POLITICS 173share of Finla
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HARDWARE POLITICS 175and procuremen
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HARDWARE POLITICS 177of internation
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HARDWARE POLITICS 179reluctant to a
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HARDWARE POLITICS 181EU ambitions a
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HARDWARE POLITICS 183Nordic armamen
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10. The Nordic attitude to and role
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DEFENCE INDUSTRIAL COLLABORATION 18
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Part IIINordic handling of the broa
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13. The Nordic countries and conven
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14. Nordic nuclear non-proliferatio
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16. Muddling through: how the EU is
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Editor’s remarksAlyson J. K. Bail
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302 THE NORDIC COUNTRIES, THEIR REG
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Page 421 and 422: EU CONSTITUTIONAL TREATY 403enhance
Page 423 and 424: ABOUT THE AUTHORS 405ning, Det 21.
Page 425 and 426: ABOUT THE AUTHORS 407Karlis Neretni
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Page 429 and 430: INDEX 411Atlanticism 364banking 357
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INDEX 413Kosovo and 45Left Socialis
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INDEX 415Counter-Terrorism Coordina
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attle group 154, 181Central Union o
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INDEX 419Iceland Defense Force 328,
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INDEX 421Washington Declaration (19
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INDEX 423NPT (Non-Proliferation Tre
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ESDP and 12, 16, 19, 24, 54-55, 59,
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INDEX 427Vienna Documents 236Viking
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