The Nordic Countries and the European Security and Defence Policy

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166 NATIONAL DEFENCE AND EUROPEAN COOPERATIONEuropean development, a proactive, forward-looking dynamism seems to be thekey condition for overcoming the problem of relevance and allowing the threepillars of Nordic identity to hold their own against the ‘EUqualizer’ (thefriendly monster of integration). Only then, in European security and defencepolicy as such and also in the broader interactions of the EU, NATO and theUN, could the specifically Nordic (or, indeed, Nordic–Baltic) framework proveto be rejuvenating, bringing Norden to the forefront of the present strategic reality.
9. Hardware politics, ‘hard politics’ or ‘where,politics?’: Nordic defence equipmentcooperation in the EU contextBjörn HagelinI. IntroductionThis chapter addresses two questions:1. What has been the situation with regard to Nordic—Danish, Finnish,Norwegian and Swedish 1 —defence equipment cooperation during the past10 years?2. Can sub-regional Nordic cooperation in this sphere survive and, if so, canit contribute to Europe-wide cooperation in the framework of the EuropeanUnion?The chapter examines the Nordic development, production and procurement ofdefence equipment. Transfers of such equipment and defence industrialrelations, including offset policies, are reviewed in section II. Of special interestis the role of the USA, as both a competitor to and a partner with Europeancountries; this is illustrated by Nordic participation in the US Joint StrikeFighter (JSF) combat aircraft project (see section III). In section IV broaderaspects of Nordic and EU defence equipment cooperation are discussed. 2II. Nordic defence equipment cooperationArms deliveriesAs shown by SIPRI data on arms transfers, in the 11-year period 1993–2003there was a relatively low volume of direct deliveries of major weapons fromone Nordic country to another, including manufacture under licence. 3 Of allpossible transfer relations between the four countries, SIPRI data suggest thatthe most significant transfers of major weapons have taken place from Swedento Norway (20 per cent of all Swedish deliveries), from Finland to Sweden(29 per cent of Finland’s deliveries) and from Finland to Norway (15 per cent1 Its lack of an indigenous defence industry means that Iceland is not included.2 Nordic defence operational issues—e.g., cooperation between armed forces in areas such as trainingand tactics or in actual operations—are not discussed in this chapter; see chapters 6–8 in this volume.3 For the SIPRI definition of major weapons and SIPRI methodology for arms transfers see URL.
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THE NORDICCOUNTRIES ANDTHE EUROPEAN
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Alyson J. K. Bailes (United Kingdom
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The Nordic Countries andthe Europea
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The Nordic Countries andthe Europea
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ContentsPrefacexiiAbbreviations and
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CONTENTSII. The European security c
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CONTENTSII. The small arms and ligh
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CONTENTSII. Iceland and the emergen
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PREFACEThe conference on the Nordic
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2 THE NORDIC COUNTRIES AND THE ESDP
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10 THE NORDIC COUNTRIES AND THE ESD
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Editor’s remarksGunilla HerolfPar
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EDITOR’S REMARKS 31which the vari
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EDITOR’S REMARKS 33mark as well s
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EDITOR’S REMARKS 35The Europeaniz
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1. Denmark and the European Securit
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DENMARK AND THE ESDP 39European def
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DENMARK AND THE ESDP 41safely leave
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DENMARK AND THE ESDP 43motions to t
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DENMARK AND THE ESDP 45effective
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DENMARK AND THE ESDP 47connected an
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52 INSTITUTIONAL AND NATIONAL POLIT
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100 INSTITUTIONAL AND NATIONAL POLI
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Part IINational defence and Europea
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114 THE BROADER DIMENSIONS OF SECUR
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Page 139 and 140: CAPABILITY TARGETS AND OPERATIONAL
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Page 161 and 162: THE CASE OF SWEDEN 143Government ha
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Page 187 and 188: HARDWARE POLITICS 169Sweden’s sec
Page 189 and 190: HARDWARE POLITICS 171the exploitati
Page 191 and 192: HARDWARE POLITICS 173share of Finla
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Page 195 and 196: HARDWARE POLITICS 177of internation
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Page 201 and 202: HARDWARE POLITICS 183Nordic armamen
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13. The Nordic countries and conven
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14. Nordic nuclear non-proliferatio
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16. Muddling through: how the EU is
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Editor’s remarksAlyson J. K. Bail
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302 THE NORDIC COUNTRIES, THEIR REG
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20. Iceland and the European Securi
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22. The Baltic states and security
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23. Baltic perspectives on the Euro
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AppendixExtracts from the Treaty Es
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ments, to promote measures to satis
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(c) strengthening systematic cooper
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Article III-303The Union may conclu
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shall carry out its tasks in liaiso
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EU CONSTITUTIONAL TREATY 403enhance
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ABOUT THE AUTHORS 405ning, Det 21.
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ABOUT THE AUTHORS 407Karlis Neretni
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ABOUT THE AUTHORS 409her publicatio
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INDEX 411Atlanticism 364banking 357
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INDEX 413Kosovo and 45Left Socialis
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INDEX 415Counter-Terrorism Coordina
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attle group 154, 181Central Union o
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INDEX 419Iceland Defense Force 328,
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INDEX 421Washington Declaration (19
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INDEX 423NPT (Non-Proliferation Tre
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ESDP and 12, 16, 19, 24, 54-55, 59,
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INDEX 427Vienna Documents 236Viking
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