The Nordic Countries and the European Security and Defence Policy

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394 THE NORDIC COUNTRIES AND THE ESDPChapter II. Specific provisionsArticle I-40. Specific provisions relating to thecommon foreign and security policy1. The European Union shall conduct a commonforeign and security policy, based on thedevelopment of mutual political solidarityamong Member States, the identification ofquestions of general interest and the achievementof an ever-increasing degree of convergenceof Member States’ actions.2. The European Council shall identify theUnion’s strategic interests and determine theobjectives of its common foreign and securitypolicy. The Council shall frame this policywithin the framework of the strategic guidelinesestablished by the European Council andin accordance with Part III.3. The European Council and the Councilshall adopt the necessary European decisions.4. The common foreign and security policyshall be put into effect by the Union Ministerfor Foreign Affairs and by the Member States,using national and Union resources.5. Member States shall consult one anotherwithin the European Council and the Councilon any foreign and security policy issue whichis of general interest in order to determine acommon approach. Before undertaking anyaction on the international scene or any commitmentwhich could affect the Union’s interests,each Member State shall consult theothers within the European Council or theCouncil. Member States shall ensure, throughthe convergence of their actions, that theUnion is able to assert its interests and valueson the international scene. Member Statesshall show mutual solidarity.6. European decisions relating to the commonforeign and security policy shall beadopted by the European Council and theCouncil unanimously, except in the casesreferred to in Part III. The European Counciland the Council shall act on an initiative froma Member State, on a proposal from the UnionMinister for Foreign Affairs or on a proposalfrom that Minister with the Commission’ssupport. European laws and framework lawsshall be excluded.7. The European Council may, unanimously,adopt a European decision authorisingthe Council to act by a qualified majority incases other than those referred to in Part III.8. The European Parliament shall be regularlyconsulted on the main aspects and basicchoices of the common foreign and securitypolicy. It shall be kept informed of how itevolves.Article I-41. Specific provisions relating to thecommon security and defence policy1. The common security and defence policyshall be an integral part of the common foreignand security policy. It shall provide the Unionwith an operational capacity drawing on civiland military assets. The Union may use themon missions outside the Union for peacekeeping,conflict prevention and strengtheninginternational security in accordance with theprinciples of the United Nations Charter. Theperformance of these tasks shall be undertakenusing capabilities provided by the MemberStates.2. The common security and defence policyshall include the progressive framing of acommon Union defence policy. This will leadto a common defence, when the EuropeanCouncil, acting unanimously, so decides. Itshall in that case recommend to the MemberStates the adoption of such a decision inaccordance with their respective constitutionalrequirements.The policy of the Union in accordance withthis Article shall not prejudice the specificcharacter of the security and defence policy ofcertain Member States, it shall respect theobligations of certain Member States, whichsee their common defence realised in theNorth Atlantic Treaty Organisation, under theNorth Atlantic Treaty, and be compatible withthe common security and defence policy establishedwithin that framework.3. Member States shall make civilian andmilitary capabilities available to the Union forthe implementation of the common securityand defence policy, to contribute to the objectivesdefined by the Council. Those MemberStates which together establish multinationalforces may also make them available to thecommon security and defence policy.Member States shall undertake progressivelyto improve their military capabilities.An Agency in the field of defence capabilitiesdevelopment, research, acquisition and armaments(European Defence Agency) shall beestablished to identify operational require-
ments, to promote measures to satisfy thoserequirements, to contribute to identifying and,where appropriate, implementing any measureneeded to strengthen the industrial and technologicalbase of the defence sector, to participatein defining a European capabilities andarmaments policy, and to assist the Council inevaluating the improvement of military capabilities.4. European decisions relating to the commonsecurity and defence policy, includingthose initiating a mission as referred to in thisArticle, shall be adopted by the Council actingunanimously on a proposal from the UnionMinister for Foreign Affairs or an initiativefrom a Member State. The Union Minister forForeign Affairs may propose the use of bothnational resources and Union instruments,together with the Commission where appropriate.5. The Council may entrust the execution ofa task, within the Union framework, to a groupof Member States in order to protect theUnion’s values and serve its interests. Theexecution of such a task shall be governed byArticle III-310.6. Those Member States whose militarycapabilities fulfil higher criteria and whichhave made more binding commitments to oneanother in this area with a view to the mostdemanding missions shall establish permanentstructured cooperation within the Unionframework. Such cooperation shall be governedby Article III-312. It shall not affect theprovisions of Article III-309.7. If a Member State is the victim of armedaggression on its territory, the other MemberStates shall have towards it an obligation ofaid and assistance by all the means in theirpower, in accordance with Article 51 of theUnited Nations Charter. This shall not prejudicethe specific character of the security anddefence policy of certain Member States.Commitments and cooperation in this areashall be consistent with commitments underthe North Atlantic Treaty Organisation, which,for those States which are members of it,remains the foundation of their collectivedefence and the forum for its implementation.8. The European Parliament shall be regularlyconsulted on the main aspects and basicchoices of the common security and defencepolicy. It shall be kept informed of how itevolves.EU CONSTITUTIONAL TREATY 395Article I-43. Solidarity clause1. The Union and its Member States shall actjointly in a spirit of solidarity if a MemberState is the object of a terrorist attack or thevictim of a natural or man-made disaster. TheUnion shall mobilise all the instruments at itsdisposal, including the military resourcesmade available by the Member States, to:(a) prevent the terrorist threat in the territoryof the Member States; protect democraticinstitutions and the civilian population fromany terrorist attack; assist a Member State inits territory, at the request of its politicalauthorities, in the event of a terrorist attack;(b) assist a Member State in its territory, atthe request of its political authorities, in theevent of a natural or man-made disaster.2. The detailed arrangements for implementingthis Article are set out in ArticleIII-329.Part III. The policies and functioningof the UnionTitle V. The Union’s external actionChapter I. Provisions having generalapplicationArticle III-2921. The Union’s action on the internationalscene shall be guided by the principles whichhave inspired its own creation, developmentand enlargement, and which it seeks toadvance in the wider world: democracy, therule of law, the universality and indivisibilityof human rights and fundamental freedoms,respect for human dignity, the principles ofequality and solidarity, and respect for theprinciples of the United Nations Charter andinternational law.The Union shall seek to develop relationsand build partnerships with third countries,and international, regional or global organisationswhich share the principles referred to inthe first subparagraph. It shall promote multilateralsolutions to common problems, in particularin the framework of the United Nations.2. The Union shall define and pursue commonpolicies and actions, and shall work for ahigh degree of cooperation in all fields ofinternational relations, in order to:
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THE NORDICCOUNTRIES ANDTHE EUROPEAN
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Alyson J. K. Bailes (United Kingdom
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The Nordic Countries andthe Europea
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The Nordic Countries andthe Europea
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ContentsPrefacexiiAbbreviations and
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CONTENTSII. The European security c
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CONTENTSII. The small arms and ligh
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CONTENTSII. Iceland and the emergen
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PREFACEThe conference on the Nordic
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2 THE NORDIC COUNTRIES AND THE ESDP
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10 THE NORDIC COUNTRIES AND THE ESD
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Editor’s remarksGunilla HerolfPar
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EDITOR’S REMARKS 31which the vari
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EDITOR’S REMARKS 33mark as well s
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EDITOR’S REMARKS 35The Europeaniz
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1. Denmark and the European Securit
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DENMARK AND THE ESDP 39European def
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DENMARK AND THE ESDP 41safely leave
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DENMARK AND THE ESDP 43motions to t
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DENMARK AND THE ESDP 45effective
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DENMARK AND THE ESDP 47connected an
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52 INSTITUTIONAL AND NATIONAL POLIT
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100 INSTITUTIONAL AND NATIONAL POLI
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Part IINational defence and Europea
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114 THE BROADER DIMENSIONS OF SECUR
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6. The impact of EU capability targ
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CAPABILITY TARGETS AND OPERATIONAL
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7. The impact of EU capability targ
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THE CASE OF SWEDEN 143Government ha
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THE CASE OF SWEDEN 145immediate reg
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THE CASE OF SWEDEN 147SAF Headquart
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THE CASE OF SWEDEN 149the navy will
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‘NOT ONLY, BUT ALSO NORDIC’ 151
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9. Hardware politics, ‘hard polit
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HARDWARE POLITICS 169Sweden’s sec
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HARDWARE POLITICS 171the exploitati
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HARDWARE POLITICS 173share of Finla
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HARDWARE POLITICS 175and procuremen
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HARDWARE POLITICS 177of internation
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HARDWARE POLITICS 179reluctant to a
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HARDWARE POLITICS 181EU ambitions a
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HARDWARE POLITICS 183Nordic armamen
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10. The Nordic attitude to and role
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DEFENCE INDUSTRIAL COLLABORATION 18
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Part IIINordic handling of the broa
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13. The Nordic countries and conven
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14. Nordic nuclear non-proliferatio
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16. Muddling through: how the EU is
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Editor’s remarksAlyson J. K. Bail
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302 THE NORDIC COUNTRIES, THEIR REG
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20. Iceland and the European Securi
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Page 411: AppendixExtracts from the Treaty Es
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Page 421 and 422: EU CONSTITUTIONAL TREATY 403enhance
Page 423 and 424: ABOUT THE AUTHORS 405ning, Det 21.
Page 425 and 426: ABOUT THE AUTHORS 407Karlis Neretni
Page 427 and 428: ABOUT THE AUTHORS 409her publicatio
Page 429 and 430: INDEX 411Atlanticism 364banking 357
Page 431 and 432: INDEX 413Kosovo and 45Left Socialis
Page 433 and 434: INDEX 415Counter-Terrorism Coordina
Page 435 and 436: attle group 154, 181Central Union o
Page 437 and 438: INDEX 419Iceland Defense Force 328,
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Page 441 and 442: INDEX 423NPT (Non-Proliferation Tre
Page 443 and 444: ESDP and 12, 16, 19, 24, 54-55, 59,
Page 445: INDEX 427Vienna Documents 236Viking
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