The Nordic Countries and the European Security and Defence Policy

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278 THE BROADER DIMENSIONS OF SECURITYextraordinarily dangerous situations when the police lack the competence orequipment needed. In such situations, the police can request help in order tosearch and arrest dangerous criminals or mentally deranged persons ‘when it isnecessary to avert an immediate danger to lives or health’ or in order ‘to preventimmediate, widespread danger . . . to society’s key interests and forcountering and combating such threats’. 57The task of special units of the defence forces is to assist the police incombating terrorism and sabotage against oil installations and ships at open seaand sabotage on land. The Ministry of Justice and the Police has elaborated anumber of scenarios for military assistance in cases of offshore terrorist attacks.In hypothetical cases of ‘massive attacks’ against oil installations and whenthere is uncertainty as to whether the country faces a peacetime crisis, securitypolicy crisis or war the government will give the armed forces the mainresponsibility for meeting the threat. 58In summary, the emerging new internal role of the Nordic armed forces is asignificant example of the closer interface of internal and external nationalsecurity that constitutes the basis of the EU security field. Sections V and VIbelow illustrate how the interface of internal and external EU security and thefeasibility and strength of the EU’s policies depend to a large extent on thisnational interface. The ability of the EU member states to provide for capacitiessuch as military assistance to civil crisis management will be decisive for theEU’s possibilities to transcend the internal–external Union security boundarythrough the ESDP and the solidarity clause against terrorism.V. The September 2001 attacks and the EU’s response as‘functional’ securityThe EU’s security answer to the September 2001 attacks on the USA was nonmilitaryin nature. The focus was put on the crisis management capacities thatexist in all three EU pillars. In practice, this made the EU responsible for theparadox of ‘internal’ and ‘external’ non-territorial security and contributed tothe widening of the EU security field. In general, the events of September 2001started a process which has led the EU to rethink its previous demarcation linesbetween trade, aid, diplomacy and the new crisis management capacitiescreated under the ESDP. Discussions on whether or not to employ the capacitiesof the EU’s third pillar, Justice and Home Affairs—for example, in theareas of personnel and threat identification—signalled a development towards abroad trans-boundary security approach to the ESDP. For internal as well asexternal security reasons, many argued that there was an urgent need for better57 Norwegian Ministry of Defence (note 56), chapter 3, paragraph 11, p. 6 (author’s translation).58 Norwegian Ministry of Justice and the Police, ‘Samfunnssikkerhet og sivilt–militaert samarbeid’[Societal security and civil–military cooperation], Storting proposition no. 39 (2003–2004), 14 May 2004,URL , pp. 6–7.
THE INTERFACE OF EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL SECURITY 279coordination between non-military ESDP activities, work under the Justice andHome Affairs pillar, and the European Commission. It was also suggested thatsecurity thinking should be ‘mainstreamed’ into other areas of EU cooperationas well. According to the solidarity clause on terrorism, the EU should make themost of its multi-sectoral character—including the possession of military instruments59 —in action on its own territory. 60In the first pillar, the EU elaborated a new ‘rapid reaction mechanism’ forinternational civil crisis management and a ‘community mechanism’ for civilprotection 61 and adopted a range of security measures across a wide area of itscompetences. 62 Emergency preparedness was one of five areas prioritized by theEU in the fight against terrorism. 63 Crisis management in the second pillarincludes military and civil capacities. Under the ESDP, the EU will be able todeploy up to 5000 police personnel for international missions and will also beable to undertake missions designed to strengthen civil law systems andadministration and provide for civil protection. The EU’s military crisismanagement capacities build on close cooperation with NATO. 64 In December2003 the EU adopted (after amendment) the European Security Strategy proposedby the High Representative for the CFSP, Javier Solana. 65 One of thegreatest threats identified in the security strategy is the use of ‘weapons of massdisruption’ by terrorists, which could result in power outages, water supplyproblems and a breakdown in basic infrastructure. 66 In the third pillar, policeand judicial cooperation (handled by the Commission’s Directorate-General for59 On the role of the military in national functional security see Stålvant (note 43).60 European Council (note 4).61 Council of the European Union, ‘Council decision of 23 October 2001 establishing a Communitymechanism to facilitate reinforced cooperation in civil protection assistance interventions (2001/792/EC,Euratom)’, Official Journal of the European Communities, vol. L 297 (15 Nov. 2001), URL , pp. 7–11.62 A whole range of security and safety measures have been adopted since late 2001 under the competencesof the first pillar. These include measures for: (a) economic security—the protection of technicalinfrastructure, the combating of terrorist funding (under the Directorate-General (DG) for Internal Marketand Services); a rapid reaction mechanism for international civil crisis management (DG External Relations);and programmes for civil aviation security (DG Enterprise and Industry)—and (b) civil protection—aCommunity mechanism (DG Environment); a rapid reaction network in the field of ‘healthsecurity’, programmes for the control of communicable diseases, preparedness and response to biological,chemical, radiological and nuclear terrorist attacks (DG Health and Consumer Protection); general vulnerabilityreduction; security of energy supply; diplomacy (e.g., in the UN); a Joint Research Centre(including a new security programme); and policies of common risk analysis and intelligence. Jarlsvik, H.and Castenfors, K., Säkerhet och beredskap i Europeiska Unionen [Security and preparedness in the EuropeanUnion], Krisberedskapsmyndigheten temaserie 2004:3 (Krisberedskapsmyndigheten: Stockholm,2004), URL .63 The other 4 areas are police and judicial cooperation, the global fight against terrorism, air transportsecurity, and economic and financial measures. European Commission, ‘EU action in response to11th September 2001: one year after’, Commission briefing, 9 Sep. 2002, URL .64 Piana, C. ‘The European Convention and defence’, European Security Review, no. 15 (2002), p. 2.65 Council of the European Union (note 1).66 ‘Note pour le Haut Représentant, Strategie de securité de l’Union européenne, Compte rendu duséminaire sur les menaces’ [Note for the High Representative, EU Security Strategy, Report of the seminaron threats], Conference on Identifying and Understanding Threats, Institute for Security Studies, Rome,19–23 Sep. 2003.
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THE NORDICCOUNTRIES ANDTHE EUROPEAN
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Alyson J. K. Bailes (United Kingdom
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The Nordic Countries andthe Europea
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The Nordic Countries andthe Europea
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ContentsPrefacexiiAbbreviations and
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CONTENTSII. The European security c
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CONTENTSII. The small arms and ligh
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CONTENTSII. Iceland and the emergen
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PREFACEThe conference on the Nordic
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2 THE NORDIC COUNTRIES AND THE ESDP
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10 THE NORDIC COUNTRIES AND THE ESD
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Editor’s remarksGunilla HerolfPar
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EDITOR’S REMARKS 31which the vari
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EDITOR’S REMARKS 33mark as well s
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EDITOR’S REMARKS 35The Europeaniz
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1. Denmark and the European Securit
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DENMARK AND THE ESDP 39European def
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DENMARK AND THE ESDP 41safely leave
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DENMARK AND THE ESDP 43motions to t
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DENMARK AND THE ESDP 45effective
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DENMARK AND THE ESDP 47connected an
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52 INSTITUTIONAL AND NATIONAL POLIT
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100 INSTITUTIONAL AND NATIONAL POLI
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Part IINational defence and Europea
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114 THE BROADER DIMENSIONS OF SECUR
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6. The impact of EU capability targ
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CAPABILITY TARGETS AND OPERATIONAL
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7. The impact of EU capability targ
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THE CASE OF SWEDEN 143Government ha
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THE CASE OF SWEDEN 145immediate reg
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THE CASE OF SWEDEN 147SAF Headquart
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THE CASE OF SWEDEN 149the navy will
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‘NOT ONLY, BUT ALSO NORDIC’ 151
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9. Hardware politics, ‘hard polit
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HARDWARE POLITICS 169Sweden’s sec
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HARDWARE POLITICS 171the exploitati
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HARDWARE POLITICS 173share of Finla
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HARDWARE POLITICS 175and procuremen
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HARDWARE POLITICS 177of internation
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HARDWARE POLITICS 179reluctant to a
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HARDWARE POLITICS 181EU ambitions a
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HARDWARE POLITICS 183Nordic armamen
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10. The Nordic attitude to and role
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DEFENCE INDUSTRIAL COLLABORATION 18
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Part IIINordic handling of the broa
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Page 246 and 247: 228 THE BROADER DIMENSIONS OF SECUR
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20. Iceland and the European Securi
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330 THE NORDIC COUNTRIES, THEIR REG
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22. The Baltic states and security
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23. Baltic perspectives on the Euro
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AppendixExtracts from the Treaty Es
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ments, to promote measures to satis
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(c) strengthening systematic cooper
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Article III-303The Union may conclu
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shall carry out its tasks in liaiso
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EU CONSTITUTIONAL TREATY 403enhance
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ABOUT THE AUTHORS 405ning, Det 21.
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ABOUT THE AUTHORS 407Karlis Neretni
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ABOUT THE AUTHORS 409her publicatio
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INDEX 411Atlanticism 364banking 357
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INDEX 413Kosovo and 45Left Socialis
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INDEX 415Counter-Terrorism Coordina
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attle group 154, 181Central Union o
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INDEX 419Iceland Defense Force 328,
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INDEX 421Washington Declaration (19
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INDEX 423NPT (Non-Proliferation Tre
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ESDP and 12, 16, 19, 24, 54-55, 59,
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INDEX 427Vienna Documents 236Viking
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