The Nordic Countries and the European Security and Defence Policy

294 THE BROADER DIMENSIONS OF SECURITYTable 16.2. Functions and actors in homeland security at the national level in Denmarkand at the EU levelHomeland securityfunctionsIntelligence and warningBorder- and transportationsecurityDomestic counter-terrorismProtect critical infrastructurePrevent and defend againstchemical, biological,radiological or nuclearattackEmergency preparedness andresponseActors in Danishhomeland securityForsvarets Efterretningstjeneste(defenceintelligence service)Politiets Efterretningstjeneste(Danish SecurityIntelligence Service)Ministries of:Defence, includingBeredskabsstyrelsens(Danish EmergencyManagement Agency)Foreign AffairsInterior and HealthJusticeTransportationEnvironmentKnowledge, Technology,and EducationCommerceCounties and municipalities,the private sector and thepopulationActors in European Unionhomeland securityCouncil of the EuropeanUnionEuropean CommissionDirectorate-General for:Justice and Home AffairsEnvironmentEnergy andTransportationHealth and ConsumerProtectionResearch, Development,Technology andInnovationEuropolEurojustPolice Chiefs’ Task ForceEuropean Judicial NetworkCounter-Terrorism GroupTerrorism Working GroupWorking Party on TerrorismExternal Borders AgencyNational governmentsNational agenciesLocal governmentsPrivate business, voluntaryorganizations and thepopulationscreening, profiling, detention and search of potential terrorist suspects may notonly compromise civil liberties and the right to privacy, but also alienate segmentsof the population whose cooperation is crucial in the counter-terrorismand societal security effort. In some areas—for example, aviation security—security measures may have a negative impact on safety; this was the argumentof a number of European pilots’ associations when the USA requested thatarmed air marshals be placed on board certain transatlantic flights. Finally, theeconomic costs of security measures imposed on private companies need to betaken into account when attempting to strike a balance between security andother EU priorities, such as growth and freedom of movement.In sum, there are a number of political and practical challenges when it comesto forging a European strategy for societal security. However, the alternative isthat European citizens will not enjoy the protection at home that they shouldand could with a more focused EU effort; and that the EU will not allocate the