The Nordic Countries and the European Security and Defence Policy

420 THE NORDIC COUNTRIES AND THE ESDPNational Security Concept 378NATO and 362, 378–79, 382, 385oil pipeline 370OSCE and 372Russia and 359, 373Russian-speaking minority 359, 371–72security 365, 367, 377, 378–79, 385Sweden and 357, 358threats 368–69, 372USA and 364, 378–79, 383, 388Ventspils 370Laursen, Finn 106League of Nations 349Liberia, UN Mission in 147Liechtenstein 9, 328Lindh, Anna 206, 211, 260Lipponen, Paavo 62Lithuania:EDA and 381ESDP and 379, 380, 381, 382, 384EU battle group 384National Security Strategy 367, 369NATO and 362, 385Netherlands and 384Poland and 384, 389Russia and 369, 373, 377, 389Russian-speaking minority 371security 377, 379, 385security policy 365Sweden and 357, 358threats 372USA and 364, 366, 388Lockheed Martin 178Løvold, Andreas 151Luhmann, Niklas 270Luxembourg 330, 337Macedonia, Former Yugoslav Republic of(FYROM), peacekeeping in 45, 73, 91, 98,119, 128, 132–33, 139, 211, 219, 231Malmborg, Mikael af 54, 59, 68Manigart, Philippe 317Médecins Sans Frontières 340mediation 220–24, 228–33Middle East, EU Special Representative224–25, 226–27military expenditure 122–23, 124, 125, 129:imbalance in 125quality of 125research and development and 125see also under names of countriesMilosevic, President Slobodan 230Moldova 226, 249Møller, Per Stig 202, 206–207Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact (1939) 362Montenegro 225, 226Moratinos, Miguel Ángel 226–27Mouritzen, Hans 390Mozambique 242Myrdal, Alva 229Nagorno-Karabakh 229Namibia 230Nammo 171NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization):Afghanistan and 17, 45, 335, 341Balkans and 44–45, 73, 312Baltic Approaches Command 41Bosnia and Herzegovina and 9, 159, 207changes in 17, 19, 67, 345collective defence guarantee 378Defence Capabilities Initiative 128demilitarization and 353double-track decision 258ESDP and 13, 382EU and 13, 51–76, 133, 181, 312, 332–33,341Eurogroup 331FYROM and 73, 91, 132German entry 41Independent European Programme Group181–82, 188, 331Iraq and 45, 336Kabul International Airport and 339Kosovo Force (KFOR) 9, 45NACC 7, 69non-aligned and NATO members 78, 79non-EU members 13Partnership for Peace (PFP) 7, 8, 18, 69,142, 145peace missions 17Prague Capability Commitments process128reinvention of 7Research and Technology Agency 182Response Force 382, 384Russia and 236Russian energy and 370small countries and 74, 76Strategic Concept 121terrorism and 74Turkey and 13undermining by ESDP 12, 39US policies and 74