The Nordic Countries and the European Security and Defence Policy

INDEX 421Washington Declaration (1999) 13Washington Summit (1999) 332Washington Treaty (1949) 48Netherlands 218, 247, 248, 250, 384New Agenda Coalition 260, 262, 264NH90 helicopter 169Nokkala, Arto 321non-governmental organizations (NGOs) 221,233NORCAPS (Nordic Coordinated Arrangementfor Military Peace Support) 25, 73NORDAC (Nordic armaments cooperation)Agreement (2000) 169–71, 173, 177, 180,182, 244Nordic Council 4–5, 159, 199, 244, 357Nordic countries:Anti-Personnel Mines Convention and 319armaments industries:arms deliveries 167–69cooperation 167–92costs/competition 187–90research and development cooperation182transactions between companies 171–73armed forces, new internal role 278, 285armed forces reform and 308arms control and disarmament policy,paradoxes of 234–37arms trade 168–69, 170, 173–78, 179–80,184, 190, 191:offsetting 170, 173–75Baltic states and 7, 158, 357–58battle group 146, 154, 314CFSP and 204, 209, 305–307cold war and 199, 265conscription 22–23, 317–18cooperation between 75counter-terrorism activities 268defence industrial base 169defence policies:alternatives 150–66balance 152–53converging 25, 26, 49, 51, 314counter-power 153–55international organizations and 154political aspects 158–61reality and theory 5, 7separate 48–49, 141defence union 41defend, will to 315–17differences between 3, 65, 68, 301–14ESDP and 11–25, 59–76, 72–73, 78–81,150, 209–10, 307–309:alternatives 150–66crisis management 85, 86, 87, 88, 93domestic factors 77–109effect on 150political parties 82–83EU and:current attitudes to 102–107federo-scepticism 79fusion perspective and 83–88future of 108joining 99–102Maastricht Treaty 307nuclear weapons and 266peace-building 199–214peacekeeping 195security policies and 11–25, 65, 158,301–14EU–NATO relationship and 51–76, 159–60EUqualizer 161, 162, 164euro and 109Euro-sceptical parties 102–103European institutional operations 20–21foreign forces in 18foreign policy 204, 205funding aid 248–29geography 156historical sketches 3–11, 156–58, 349–50internal challenges absent 5internal problems, military force and 21international organizations, funding 248–49Lutheran tradition 51maps 2mediation 228–33military expenditure 24NATO and 17–18, 18, 158nuclear disarmament and 234nuclear weapon-free zone 235, 258nuclear weapons and 252–66:convergence of policies 265peace missions and 20peacekeeping 90–91, 199Petersberg Tasks and 107pillars 155–62political elites 79, 108political parties 82–83, 99–109public opinion 20, 21, 65, 79, 99–109resources 161–62Russia and 24, 79, 156, 318St Malo process and 56–59