The-papacy-its-history-dogmas-genius-and-prospects-wylie

;bellarmine's theory, or indirect authority. 107illustrious defenders of the "Galilean liberties." Theologians,canonists, and popes, with one voice claimed thisprerogative. " The first opinion," says Bellarmine, whenenumerating the views held respectingthe Pope's temporalsupremacy, " is, that the Pope has a most full power, juredhnno, over the whole world, in both ecclesiasticaland civilaffairs."* " This," he adds, " is the doctrine of AugustineTriumphus, Alvarus Pelagius, Hostiensis, Panormitanus,Sylvester, and others not a few." The same doctrine wastaught by the " Angelical Doctor," as he is termed.Aquinasheld, that " in the Pope is the top of both powers," and " byplain consequence asserting," says Barrow, " when any oneis denounced excommunicate for apostacy, his subjectsareimmediately freed his dominion, and from their oaths ofallegiance to him."-f-The second opinion is, that the Pope"'s immediate anddirect jurisdiction extends to ecclesiastical matters only, butthat he possesses a mediate and indirect authority over temporalaffairs also. This opinion found its best expositor andits ablest champion in the redoubtable Cardinal Bellarmine.The Cardinal had sense to see, that the monstrous andcolossal Janus, which turned a cleric or laic visage to thegazer, according to the side from which he viewed it,—whichsat upon the seven hills, and was worshipped in the darkages,—could no longer be borne by the world ;and accordinglyhe set himself, with an adroitness and skill for whichhe had but little thanks from the reigning pontiff,—forthe Cardinal narrowly escaped the Expurgatorius,—to showthat the Pope had but one jurisdiction, the spiritual ;andcould exercise temporal authority only indirectly, that is,for the good of religion or the Church. The Pope, however,lost nothing, in point of fact, by the Cardinal's logicfor Bellarmine took care to teach, that that indirect tem-* Bellarm. De Romano Pontifice, lib. v. cap. i. ; Cologne edit. 1620.+ Barrow on the Supremacy, Barrow's Works, vol. i. p. 539 ; Lond.1716.