Wellbeing, Freedom and Social Justice The Capability Approach Re-Examined, 2017a

10 Wellbeing, Freedom and Social Justice
expanding people’s capabilities, or do they have another public policy
goal (such as economic growth), or are they merely serving the interests
of a dominant group? The capability approach thus offers a different
perspective than alternative approaches that focus on the accumulation
of material resources, or the mental states of people, such as their overall
satisfaction with their lives.
Although the capability approach appeals to many readers, others have
wondered whether this theory is really any different from other more
established theories, or whether the capability approach is promising as
a theory with sufficient bite. For example John Rawls (1999, 13), while
acknowledging that the idea of basic capabilities is important, calls it “an
unworkable idea” for a liberal conception of justice. John Roemer (1996,
191–93) has criticized the capability approach for being insufficiently
specified — a complaint that is also echoed in the critique made by
Pratab Bhanu Mehta (2009). Others have questioned the practical
significance of the capability approach for policy making and empirical
assessment. For instance, Robert Sugden (1993, 1953) has questioned
the usefulness of the capability approach for welfare economics — a
critique to which we will return in section 4.10. In addition, at seminars
and other scholarly gatherings, an often-heard criticism is that the
capability approach is old wine in new bottles — it aims to do what the
non-economic social sciences have been doing all along. If that is the
case, then why should we bother? 5
There are two types of answer to the sceptics. The first is conceptual
or theoretical and that answer will be given in the remainder of this
book. In a nutshell, the reason the capability approach is worth our time
and attention is that it gives us a new way of evaluating the lives of
individuals and the societies in which these people live their lives. The
attention is shifted to public values currently not always considered most
important — such as wellbeing, freedom and justice. It is an alternative
discourse or paradigm, perhaps even a ‘counter-theory’ to a range
of more mainstream discourses on society, poverty and prosperity.
5 Several more specific critiques on the capability approach will be discussed in
chapter 4.