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literate culture focussed on written texts. This meant that literate inability did not prohibit inclusion into a textual community. 105
Chapter Four: Literary Technique and Style in the Monastic Rules “sanctos et apostolicos uiros non uerborum compositionibus deserbire, sed sensum ueritate 4.1 Introduction gaudere, nec per arte Donati sed per simplicitatem currere Christi‖ 264 The monastic rules can be best described as victims of a literary postcode lottery. They were written in a period associated popularly more with cultural decline than with literary prowess, 265 and scholars of Classical Latin, tentatively set by the Oxford Latin Dictionary to end at AD 200, have viewed traditionally with a negative outlook the the literary achievements of the post-Roman world. In particular, one of the biggest prejudices against early Christian Latin is emphasised by the quotation that starts this chapter: it was a theological point of force, and later a literary topos, of early Christians that the message of God be intelligible to all, and this had to be reflected in its language. Isidore of Seville, amongst other prominent Church writers, was a proponent of this view: “fastidiosis atque loquacibus scripturae sanctae minus propter sermonem simplicem placent. Gentili enim eloquentiae comparata uidetur illis indigna”. 266 There was widespread acknowledgement of the simplicitas of much of Christian Latin when compared with Classical Latin, even from the Christians themselves. This will be a topic explored further in Chapter Five. Add to this the general disregard for the literary output of the Visigothic period and the end result is often a less than favourable start. 264 Paul Albar, Letter to John 1.2. 265 For example Wendell (1921: 441): ―To the literary traditions of Europe, the seventh century added nothing that has generally been remembered‖. 266 Sententiae 3.13.7. See also, for example, Augustine De doctrina Christiana 2.13.19, “melius in barbarismo nostro uos intellegetis quam in nostra disertitudine uos deserti eritis”. 106
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THE MONASTIC RULES OF VISIGOTHIC IB
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Abstract This thesis is concerned w
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List of Abbreviations CIL Corpus In
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3.4 In nomine Patria et Filea et Sp
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6.3 The Thesis of Roger Wright 230
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texts? This includes a comparison o
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versa. The interest stems from the
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thesis is in some senses a wide ran
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The presence of regionally-specific
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and cultural problems. The term „
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(d) monasticism implies a cenobitic
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authority and legitimacy to precept
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nuncupant, liberique ab imperio sen
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which Louth (2004) has divided rece
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(1980: 30). In addition to De Vogü
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Christian communities. 28 In terms
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pragmatic information than others;
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1.4.1 The De institutione uirginum
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1.4.2 The Epistle Firstly, the prob
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Isidore reveals that some prominent
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In answer to the question, then, of
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uini‟ and „De habitu uirginum
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1.4.4 Overall Conclusion: A Monasti
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Iberian Peninsula is of interest be
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Fortunatus respectively. 49 Evident
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Despite the high quantity of litera
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econstruct actual monastic life is
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diuturnis temporibus”. Thus begin
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Fathers, physical labour had been a
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community, 75 and the monastic rule
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part of a monk‟s diet due to the
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Isidore had warned that paradoxical
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monastic rules demonstrate that the
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primary sources. 115 In some cases,
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The monastic rules, in addition, re
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mention of double monasteries, the
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2.8 Regional Variation and the Pecu
Page 75 and 76: However, there are some noticeable
Page 77 and 78: elationship between an elder and ju
Page 79 and 80: In the second instance, one of the
Page 81 and 82: from Muslim control, it would appea
Page 83 and 84: However, the lack of primary eviden
Page 85 and 86: Studies in Medieval Literacy. 165 T
Page 87 and 88: Today, many countries aim for 100 %
Page 89 and 90: e a sentiment echoed by Augustine h
Page 91 and 92: Similar problems can be posited for
Page 93 and 94: early medieval west in a bilingual-
Page 95 and 96: mysterious, aura. It is entirely li
Page 97 and 98: which dealt with the regulation of
Page 99 and 100: is reckoned to possess a collection
Page 101 and 102: 3.6 Visigothic Oral Culture Althoug
Page 103 and 104: 3.7 “Lectio tibi sit adsidua”:
Page 105 and 106: The coupling of monastic life with
Page 107 and 108: Cuteclara, west of Cordoba, specifi
Page 109 and 110: 3.8 Uses of Literacy The most commo
Page 111 and 112: (Williams 1999: 180-181). Jerome ha
Page 113 and 114: nouerunt”; 237 “sed inter utros
Page 115 and 116: opus quod faciat, ut non uacet”.
Page 117 and 118: obsculto, along with the noun auris
Page 119 and 120: textual communities were formed of
Page 121 and 122: 3.10 Visigothic Monasteries as Text
Page 123 and 124: “where monastic texts do refer to
Page 125: 3.11 Conclusions Irvine (1994) disc
Page 129 and 130: including stylistic techniques and
Page 131 and 132: conclusive (Hernardi 1978; Robson 1
Page 133 and 134: It would be churlish to abandon the
Page 135 and 136: style of the monastic rules, it wou
Page 137 and 138: examples of this, a topic that will
Page 139 and 140: purposeful „manipulation‟ of th
Page 141 and 142: placed in public places informing r
Page 143 and 144: There are a couple of important poi
Page 145 and 146: This can be compared with two typic
Page 147 and 148: 4.6 The Oral Nature of the Language
Page 149 and 150: The monastic rules often speak info
Page 151 and 152: suum asserens dicat: codex meus, ta
Page 153 and 154: 1962; Law 1997. For a specifically
Page 155 and 156: changed here in the Latin, and whil
Page 157 and 158: parentibus, alius de germanis, aliu
Page 159 and 160: uitae duratus [...] ac transcendens
Page 161 and 162: 4.8.2 Figurative Language in the Co
Page 163 and 164: Elsewhere, Valerius of Bierzo, in h
Page 165 and 166: It is also notable that such descri
Page 167 and 168: Mercurii 5.535) and Fronto (De Eloq
Page 169 and 170: quieto”; 386 “pius enim et oble
Page 171 and 172: However, it is worth noting that mo
Page 173 and 174: modern histories” (ibid.: 191). I
Page 175 and 176: On a stylistic note, there must be
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semantic implications and artificia
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useful to remember that the idea of
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century monastic rule shows just ho
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It cannot be imagined that all conv
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Isidore frequently cites from Augus
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Naturally, it cannot be presumed th
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to their audience and, as demonstra
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his clothes (ηνῖο ἱκαηί
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Maltby 2002; Velázquez Soriano 200
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specific terms are used to describe
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also includes the use of substantiv
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5.4 Christian Latin In contrast to
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style of speech have been subject t
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feature of any discussion of lingui
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ancient writers, had long ago state
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proves himself to be an author who
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intelligitur, quae populis sermone
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them. 458 It would be misguided, th
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of speech, as shown by the example
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“Lasciuus, petulans et superbus,
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used by everyone, whilst Attic was
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their monastic rules were not writt
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een seen as „bad‟ or „wrong
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entity as understood from a modern
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singulos menses expensum fuerit, pe
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Throughout the monastic rules, ad i
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Romance, with only a few exceptions
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Examples of uel as an inclusive dis
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5.16 Vocabulary The vocabulary of t
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Nouoque Testamento duae, deinde lau
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influenced by Christianity. Moreove
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analysis of Longobardic words in th
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it to „split up‟, or that it on
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square. 542 It is also found interm
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genealogia, et de sua gente fatetur
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Chapter Six: Latin or Romance? Lati
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is perceived as appropriate for cer
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speakers until the eighth century:
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Accordingly, there was no need for
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languages are those in which “aux
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formed a subsection of the passive
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forms, such as the correct use of d
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Active Deponent Passive Life of Fru
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Perigrinatio, used synthetic passiv
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famulor, fateor, fruor, gradior, im
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These points are of particular impo
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examples where deponents and passiv
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e able to understand the forms, lea
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sociolinguistic nature of the Latin
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cycle, or rather whether languages
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primary language” (Winford 2003:
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for ascertaining a specific time of
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trend within Indo-European language
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� Germanic Very early written rec
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that would emerge would be a varied
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instability between deponent and ac
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death blow for them because there n
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more difficulty. To take a random e
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able to explain why it is „thy‟
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when people became conscious that t
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linguistic consciousness of the var
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6.14 “Loquendum est Russice et sc
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the region of Latium in central Ita
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homogenous as to permit the souther
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любимший: понеж без
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two would have been nevertheless si
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separate languages through a combin
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mention at least because Liturgical
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period is still a long way from bei
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Concluding Remarks Naturally, there
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problem is that they can never be a
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A final point should be brought to
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Primary Sources: Bibliography Many
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Secondary Sources: Abad Leόn, F.
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Anderson, J. & Rochet, B. (1979) Hi
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Barr, J. (1961) The Semantics of Bi
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Biville, F. (1994) “Collisions sy
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Bowes, K. & Kulikowski, M. (2005)(e
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Burton-Christie, D. (1993) The Word
Page 335 and 336:
Casson, L. (2002) Libraries in the
Page 337 and 338:
Clark, J.W. (1957) Early English. A
Page 339 and 340:
Colombas, G.M. (1975) El monacato p
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(2002) “Aspects of the Micro-Stru
Page 343 and 344:
De Jong, M. (1996) In Samuel‘s Im
Page 345 and 346:
Devoto, G. (1999) Il linguaggio d
Page 347 and 348:
Dodds, J.D. (1990) Architecture and
Page 349 and 350:
Ewert, A. (1935) “The Strasborg O
Page 351 and 352:
Finkelberg, M. & Stroumsa, G.G. (20
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(1996) Linguistic Criticism, 2 nd e
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(1997) “Sinonomia y diferencia de
Page 357 and 358:
Goldberg, S.M. (2005) “The Early
Page 359 and 360:
Hagemann, K. (2008) “The Latin Sy
Page 361 and 362:
(2000) Apuleius. A Second Sophist.
Page 363 and 364:
Hesse, R. (2003) Syntax of the Mode
Page 365 and 366:
Humphries, M. (2009) “The Shapes
Page 367 and 368:
Justus, C. (2008) “Late Latin Dep
Page 369 and 370:
Lafferty, M.K. (2003) “Translatin
Page 371 and 372:
Leclercq, J. (1996) The Love of Lea
Page 373 and 374:
Lobrichon, G. (2003) La Bible au Mo
Page 375 and 376:
Mackay, A. (1977) Spain in the Midd
Page 377 and 378:
Marichal, R. (1988) Les graffites d
Page 379 and 380:
Mazzini, I. & Bacci, L. (2001) Evan
Page 381 and 382:
Milham, M.E. (1959) “Aspects of N
Page 383 and 384:
Morrison, K.F. (1969) Tradition and
Page 385 and 386:
(1996) The Celtic Monk: Rules and W
Page 387 and 388:
Pei, M. & Gaynor, F. (1954) A Dicti
Page 389 and 390:
209-214 484-487 (1961a) “The Inte
Page 391 and 392:
Rajan, T. & Wright, J.M. (1998) “
Page 393 and 394:
Roberts, C.H. & Skeat, T.A (1983) T
Page 395 and 396:
Sala, M. (2005) From Latin to Roman
Page 397 and 398:
Sheldrake, P. (2007) A brief histor
Page 399 and 400:
Steiner, P. (2005) “Russian Forma
Page 401 and 402:
Thorpe, L.G.M. (1969) Einhard and N
Page 403 and 404:
Veilleux, A. (1968) “The Abbatial
Page 405 and 406:
(1982) The long-haired kings and ot
Page 407 and 408:
Williams, G. (1968) Tradition and O
Page 409:
Wygralak, P. (2006) “Contemptus m
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