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5.20 Conclusions This chapter has demonstrated the utility of the monastic rules as linguistic documents in the investigation of issues relating to language use and language change in Visigothic Iberia. It has established that the texts can be taken as representative, at least to some extent, of the spoken language of the period in which they were written. The brief study of their Latinity has shown that on the one hand, they have much in common with Classical Latin, and issues of continuity between different stages of the Latin language should not be disregarded. On the other hand, they also reflect changes in the language that agree with the evidence of other studies of later Latin, as well as the linguistic evidence demonstrated by eventual changes in Romance. 225
Chapter Six: Latin or Romance? Latin Synthetic Passive and Deponent Verb Forms in the Monastic Rules ―Without widespread education, consciousness of the norms of classical Latin would no longer act as a brake on oral transmission. Besides the weakening of scholarly tradition and memory, two other forces will have fostered the break-up of Latin as a single language. One is that all over its range, Latin had speakers who were in positions of influence but whose parents had grown up speaking something else, most often a Germanic language. The other stemmed from the breakdown of the centralised systematic administration and the rise of feudal society‖ (Ostler 2005: 308-309) 6.1 “No one knows exactly when it ceased to be Latin”: 555 Approaches towards Latin and Romance This chapter will investigate the employment of deponent and synthetic passive verb forms in the monastic rules. It will place the results within a wider analysis and understanding of language use and language change in the early medieval period. In particular, this will include an investigation of the Wright thesis. Previous theories of spoken Latin and its development into early Romance have been discussed elsewhere, and there is no need to reiterate them fully here (see instead, for example, Politzer 1949; Löfstedt 1959: 11- 38; Väänänen 1963; Hall 1978; Herman 2000: 109-124). However, it will be useful to summarise the status quaestionis regarding this topic. 555 Williams (1962: 13). 226
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THE MONASTIC RULES OF VISIGOTHIC IB
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Abstract This thesis is concerned w
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List of Abbreviations CIL Corpus In
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3.4 In nomine Patria et Filea et Sp
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6.3 The Thesis of Roger Wright 230
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texts? This includes a comparison o
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versa. The interest stems from the
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thesis is in some senses a wide ran
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The presence of regionally-specific
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and cultural problems. The term „
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(d) monasticism implies a cenobitic
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authority and legitimacy to precept
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nuncupant, liberique ab imperio sen
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which Louth (2004) has divided rece
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(1980: 30). In addition to De Vogü
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Christian communities. 28 In terms
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pragmatic information than others;
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1.4.1 The De institutione uirginum
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1.4.2 The Epistle Firstly, the prob
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Isidore reveals that some prominent
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In answer to the question, then, of
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uini‟ and „De habitu uirginum
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1.4.4 Overall Conclusion: A Monasti
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Iberian Peninsula is of interest be
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Fortunatus respectively. 49 Evident
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Despite the high quantity of litera
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econstruct actual monastic life is
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diuturnis temporibus”. Thus begin
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Fathers, physical labour had been a
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community, 75 and the monastic rule
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part of a monk‟s diet due to the
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Isidore had warned that paradoxical
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monastic rules demonstrate that the
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primary sources. 115 In some cases,
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The monastic rules, in addition, re
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mention of double monasteries, the
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2.8 Regional Variation and the Pecu
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However, there are some noticeable
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elationship between an elder and ju
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In the second instance, one of the
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from Muslim control, it would appea
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However, the lack of primary eviden
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Studies in Medieval Literacy. 165 T
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Today, many countries aim for 100 %
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e a sentiment echoed by Augustine h
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Similar problems can be posited for
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early medieval west in a bilingual-
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mysterious, aura. It is entirely li
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which dealt with the regulation of
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is reckoned to possess a collection
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3.6 Visigothic Oral Culture Althoug
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3.7 “Lectio tibi sit adsidua”:
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The coupling of monastic life with
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Cuteclara, west of Cordoba, specifi
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3.8 Uses of Literacy The most commo
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(Williams 1999: 180-181). Jerome ha
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nouerunt”; 237 “sed inter utros
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opus quod faciat, ut non uacet”.
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obsculto, along with the noun auris
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textual communities were formed of
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3.10 Visigothic Monasteries as Text
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“where monastic texts do refer to
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3.11 Conclusions Irvine (1994) disc
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Chapter Four: Literary Technique an
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including stylistic techniques and
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conclusive (Hernardi 1978; Robson 1
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It would be churlish to abandon the
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style of the monastic rules, it wou
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examples of this, a topic that will
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purposeful „manipulation‟ of th
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placed in public places informing r
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There are a couple of important poi
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This can be compared with two typic
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4.6 The Oral Nature of the Language
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The monastic rules often speak info
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suum asserens dicat: codex meus, ta
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1962; Law 1997. For a specifically
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changed here in the Latin, and whil
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parentibus, alius de germanis, aliu
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uitae duratus [...] ac transcendens
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4.8.2 Figurative Language in the Co
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Elsewhere, Valerius of Bierzo, in h
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It is also notable that such descri
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Mercurii 5.535) and Fronto (De Eloq
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quieto”; 386 “pius enim et oble
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However, it is worth noting that mo
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modern histories” (ibid.: 191). I
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On a stylistic note, there must be
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semantic implications and artificia
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useful to remember that the idea of
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century monastic rule shows just ho
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It cannot be imagined that all conv
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Isidore frequently cites from Augus
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Naturally, it cannot be presumed th
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to their audience and, as demonstra
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his clothes (ηνῖο ἱκαηί
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Maltby 2002; Velázquez Soriano 200
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Page 197 and 198: also includes the use of substantiv
Page 199 and 200: 5.4 Christian Latin In contrast to
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Page 209 and 210: intelligitur, quae populis sermone
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Page 213 and 214: of speech, as shown by the example
Page 215 and 216: “Lasciuus, petulans et superbus,
Page 217 and 218: used by everyone, whilst Attic was
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Page 223 and 224: entity as understood from a modern
Page 225 and 226: singulos menses expensum fuerit, pe
Page 227 and 228: Throughout the monastic rules, ad i
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Page 231 and 232: Examples of uel as an inclusive dis
Page 233 and 234: 5.16 Vocabulary The vocabulary of t
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Page 237 and 238: influenced by Christianity. Moreove
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Page 245: genealogia, et de sua gente fatetur
Page 249 and 250: is perceived as appropriate for cer
Page 251 and 252: speakers until the eighth century:
Page 253 and 254: Accordingly, there was no need for
Page 255 and 256: languages are those in which “aux
Page 257 and 258: formed a subsection of the passive
Page 259 and 260: forms, such as the correct use of d
Page 261 and 262: Active Deponent Passive Life of Fru
Page 263 and 264: Perigrinatio, used synthetic passiv
Page 265 and 266: famulor, fateor, fruor, gradior, im
Page 267 and 268: These points are of particular impo
Page 269 and 270: examples where deponents and passiv
Page 271 and 272: e able to understand the forms, lea
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Page 275 and 276: cycle, or rather whether languages
Page 277 and 278: primary language” (Winford 2003:
Page 279 and 280: for ascertaining a specific time of
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Page 283 and 284: � Germanic Very early written rec
Page 285 and 286: that would emerge would be a varied
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Page 289 and 290: death blow for them because there n
Page 291 and 292: more difficulty. To take a random e
Page 293 and 294: able to explain why it is „thy‟
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linguistic consciousness of the var
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6.14 “Loquendum est Russice et sc
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the region of Latium in central Ita
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homogenous as to permit the souther
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любимший: понеж без
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two would have been nevertheless si
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separate languages through a combin
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mention at least because Liturgical
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period is still a long way from bei
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Concluding Remarks Naturally, there
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problem is that they can never be a
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A final point should be brought to
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Primary Sources: Bibliography Many
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Secondary Sources: Abad Leόn, F.
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Anderson, J. & Rochet, B. (1979) Hi
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Barr, J. (1961) The Semantics of Bi
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Biville, F. (1994) “Collisions sy
Page 331 and 332:
Bowes, K. & Kulikowski, M. (2005)(e
Page 333 and 334:
Burton-Christie, D. (1993) The Word
Page 335 and 336:
Casson, L. (2002) Libraries in the
Page 337 and 338:
Clark, J.W. (1957) Early English. A
Page 339 and 340:
Colombas, G.M. (1975) El monacato p
Page 341 and 342:
(2002) “Aspects of the Micro-Stru
Page 343 and 344:
De Jong, M. (1996) In Samuel‘s Im
Page 345 and 346:
Devoto, G. (1999) Il linguaggio d
Page 347 and 348:
Dodds, J.D. (1990) Architecture and
Page 349 and 350:
Ewert, A. (1935) “The Strasborg O
Page 351 and 352:
Finkelberg, M. & Stroumsa, G.G. (20
Page 353 and 354:
(1996) Linguistic Criticism, 2 nd e
Page 355 and 356:
(1997) “Sinonomia y diferencia de
Page 357 and 358:
Goldberg, S.M. (2005) “The Early
Page 359 and 360:
Hagemann, K. (2008) “The Latin Sy
Page 361 and 362:
(2000) Apuleius. A Second Sophist.
Page 363 and 364:
Hesse, R. (2003) Syntax of the Mode
Page 365 and 366:
Humphries, M. (2009) “The Shapes
Page 367 and 368:
Justus, C. (2008) “Late Latin Dep
Page 369 and 370:
Lafferty, M.K. (2003) “Translatin
Page 371 and 372:
Leclercq, J. (1996) The Love of Lea
Page 373 and 374:
Lobrichon, G. (2003) La Bible au Mo
Page 375 and 376:
Mackay, A. (1977) Spain in the Midd
Page 377 and 378:
Marichal, R. (1988) Les graffites d
Page 379 and 380:
Mazzini, I. & Bacci, L. (2001) Evan
Page 381 and 382:
Milham, M.E. (1959) “Aspects of N
Page 383 and 384:
Morrison, K.F. (1969) Tradition and
Page 385 and 386:
(1996) The Celtic Monk: Rules and W
Page 387 and 388:
Pei, M. & Gaynor, F. (1954) A Dicti
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209-214 484-487 (1961a) “The Inte
Page 391 and 392:
Rajan, T. & Wright, J.M. (1998) “
Page 393 and 394:
Roberts, C.H. & Skeat, T.A (1983) T
Page 395 and 396:
Sala, M. (2005) From Latin to Roman
Page 397 and 398:
Sheldrake, P. (2007) A brief histor
Page 399 and 400:
Steiner, P. (2005) “Russian Forma
Page 401 and 402:
Thorpe, L.G.M. (1969) Einhard and N
Page 403 and 404:
Veilleux, A. (1968) “The Abbatial
Page 405 and 406:
(1982) The long-haired kings and ot
Page 407 and 408:
Williams, G. (1968) Tradition and O
Page 409:
Wygralak, P. (2006) “Contemptus m
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