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2.9 Conclusions The Visigothic sources make it clear that monasticism was a marked feature of seventh-century Iberia. The monastic rules, meanwhile, present a picture of monastic practice that in some ways remained faithful to the ideals of the Desert Fathers, yet in others had developed substantial differences. In the first instance, the notion of the opus Dei seems to have been alive and well, although monastic rules were also aware of the pragmatic needs of the monastery. As such, the lives of monks were taken up with physical work for both the good of the community and their souls. Monasteries, moreover, were institutions that had developed a long way past individual collections of anchorites in the wilderness. Instead, they were communities that existed as part of the Visigothic landscape, rather than detached from it. In many senses they were not closed communities but could possess substantial links with the outside world and a congregation made up of all the social strata. Seventh-century Visigothic monasticism was subject to some degree of variation in its practice throughout Iberia. Exactly how life was played out in the „unofficial‟ monasteries is impossible to be clear about, but monks in those monasteries which followed one of the three surviving monastic rules were likely to experience different approaches to monastic life in varying scales. In many ways, however, the issue of regional differentiation is a difficult one. The fact that any given practice is only mentioned in one monastic rule, for example, does not necessarily exclude the practice from occurring elsewhere: absence of evidence does not signify evidence of absence. That said, many scholars have been quick to define Galician monasticism in particular as being characterised by certain attributes not found elsewhere. 61
However, the lack of primary evidence means that such models of practice unfortunately cannot be reconstructed for other parts of the peninsula. 62
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THE MONASTIC RULES OF VISIGOTHIC IB
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Abstract This thesis is concerned w
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List of Abbreviations CIL Corpus In
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3.4 In nomine Patria et Filea et Sp
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6.3 The Thesis of Roger Wright 230
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texts? This includes a comparison o
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versa. The interest stems from the
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thesis is in some senses a wide ran
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The presence of regionally-specific
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and cultural problems. The term „
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(d) monasticism implies a cenobitic
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authority and legitimacy to precept
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nuncupant, liberique ab imperio sen
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which Louth (2004) has divided rece
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(1980: 30). In addition to De Vogü
Page 31 and 32: Christian communities. 28 In terms
Page 33 and 34: pragmatic information than others;
Page 35 and 36: 1.4.1 The De institutione uirginum
Page 37 and 38: 1.4.2 The Epistle Firstly, the prob
Page 39 and 40: Isidore reveals that some prominent
Page 41 and 42: In answer to the question, then, of
Page 43 and 44: uini‟ and „De habitu uirginum
Page 45 and 46: 1.4.4 Overall Conclusion: A Monasti
Page 47 and 48: Iberian Peninsula is of interest be
Page 49 and 50: Fortunatus respectively. 49 Evident
Page 51 and 52: Despite the high quantity of litera
Page 53 and 54: econstruct actual monastic life is
Page 55 and 56: diuturnis temporibus”. Thus begin
Page 57 and 58: Fathers, physical labour had been a
Page 59 and 60: community, 75 and the monastic rule
Page 61 and 62: part of a monk‟s diet due to the
Page 63 and 64: Isidore had warned that paradoxical
Page 65 and 66: monastic rules demonstrate that the
Page 67 and 68: primary sources. 115 In some cases,
Page 69 and 70: The monastic rules, in addition, re
Page 71 and 72: mention of double monasteries, the
Page 73 and 74: 2.8 Regional Variation and the Pecu
Page 75 and 76: However, there are some noticeable
Page 77 and 78: elationship between an elder and ju
Page 79 and 80: In the second instance, one of the
Page 81: from Muslim control, it would appea
Page 85 and 86: Studies in Medieval Literacy. 165 T
Page 87 and 88: Today, many countries aim for 100 %
Page 89 and 90: e a sentiment echoed by Augustine h
Page 91 and 92: Similar problems can be posited for
Page 93 and 94: early medieval west in a bilingual-
Page 95 and 96: mysterious, aura. It is entirely li
Page 97 and 98: which dealt with the regulation of
Page 99 and 100: is reckoned to possess a collection
Page 101 and 102: 3.6 Visigothic Oral Culture Althoug
Page 103 and 104: 3.7 “Lectio tibi sit adsidua”:
Page 105 and 106: The coupling of monastic life with
Page 107 and 108: Cuteclara, west of Cordoba, specifi
Page 109 and 110: 3.8 Uses of Literacy The most commo
Page 111 and 112: (Williams 1999: 180-181). Jerome ha
Page 113 and 114: nouerunt”; 237 “sed inter utros
Page 115 and 116: opus quod faciat, ut non uacet”.
Page 117 and 118: obsculto, along with the noun auris
Page 119 and 120: textual communities were formed of
Page 121 and 122: 3.10 Visigothic Monasteries as Text
Page 123 and 124: “where monastic texts do refer to
Page 125 and 126: 3.11 Conclusions Irvine (1994) disc
Page 127 and 128: Chapter Four: Literary Technique an
Page 129 and 130: including stylistic techniques and
Page 131 and 132: conclusive (Hernardi 1978; Robson 1
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It would be churlish to abandon the
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style of the monastic rules, it wou
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examples of this, a topic that will
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purposeful „manipulation‟ of th
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placed in public places informing r
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There are a couple of important poi
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This can be compared with two typic
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4.6 The Oral Nature of the Language
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The monastic rules often speak info
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suum asserens dicat: codex meus, ta
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1962; Law 1997. For a specifically
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changed here in the Latin, and whil
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parentibus, alius de germanis, aliu
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uitae duratus [...] ac transcendens
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4.8.2 Figurative Language in the Co
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Elsewhere, Valerius of Bierzo, in h
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It is also notable that such descri
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Mercurii 5.535) and Fronto (De Eloq
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quieto”; 386 “pius enim et oble
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However, it is worth noting that mo
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modern histories” (ibid.: 191). I
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On a stylistic note, there must be
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semantic implications and artificia
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useful to remember that the idea of
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century monastic rule shows just ho
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It cannot be imagined that all conv
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Isidore frequently cites from Augus
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Naturally, it cannot be presumed th
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to their audience and, as demonstra
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his clothes (ηνῖο ἱκαηί
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Maltby 2002; Velázquez Soriano 200
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specific terms are used to describe
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also includes the use of substantiv
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5.4 Christian Latin In contrast to
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style of speech have been subject t
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feature of any discussion of lingui
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ancient writers, had long ago state
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proves himself to be an author who
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intelligitur, quae populis sermone
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them. 458 It would be misguided, th
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of speech, as shown by the example
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“Lasciuus, petulans et superbus,
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used by everyone, whilst Attic was
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their monastic rules were not writt
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een seen as „bad‟ or „wrong
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entity as understood from a modern
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singulos menses expensum fuerit, pe
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Throughout the monastic rules, ad i
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Romance, with only a few exceptions
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Examples of uel as an inclusive dis
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5.16 Vocabulary The vocabulary of t
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Nouoque Testamento duae, deinde lau
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influenced by Christianity. Moreove
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analysis of Longobardic words in th
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it to „split up‟, or that it on
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square. 542 It is also found interm
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genealogia, et de sua gente fatetur
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Chapter Six: Latin or Romance? Lati
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is perceived as appropriate for cer
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speakers until the eighth century:
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Accordingly, there was no need for
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languages are those in which “aux
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formed a subsection of the passive
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forms, such as the correct use of d
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Active Deponent Passive Life of Fru
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Perigrinatio, used synthetic passiv
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famulor, fateor, fruor, gradior, im
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These points are of particular impo
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examples where deponents and passiv
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e able to understand the forms, lea
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sociolinguistic nature of the Latin
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cycle, or rather whether languages
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primary language” (Winford 2003:
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for ascertaining a specific time of
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trend within Indo-European language
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� Germanic Very early written rec
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that would emerge would be a varied
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instability between deponent and ac
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death blow for them because there n
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more difficulty. To take a random e
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able to explain why it is „thy‟
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when people became conscious that t
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linguistic consciousness of the var
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6.14 “Loquendum est Russice et sc
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the region of Latium in central Ita
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homogenous as to permit the souther
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любимший: понеж без
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two would have been nevertheless si
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separate languages through a combin
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mention at least because Liturgical
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period is still a long way from bei
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Concluding Remarks Naturally, there
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problem is that they can never be a
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A final point should be brought to
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Primary Sources: Bibliography Many
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Secondary Sources: Abad Leόn, F.
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Anderson, J. & Rochet, B. (1979) Hi
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Barr, J. (1961) The Semantics of Bi
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Biville, F. (1994) “Collisions sy
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Bowes, K. & Kulikowski, M. (2005)(e
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Burton-Christie, D. (1993) The Word
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Casson, L. (2002) Libraries in the
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Clark, J.W. (1957) Early English. A
Page 339 and 340:
Colombas, G.M. (1975) El monacato p
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(2002) “Aspects of the Micro-Stru
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De Jong, M. (1996) In Samuel‘s Im
Page 345 and 346:
Devoto, G. (1999) Il linguaggio d
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Dodds, J.D. (1990) Architecture and
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Ewert, A. (1935) “The Strasborg O
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Finkelberg, M. & Stroumsa, G.G. (20
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(1996) Linguistic Criticism, 2 nd e
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(1997) “Sinonomia y diferencia de
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Goldberg, S.M. (2005) “The Early
Page 359 and 360:
Hagemann, K. (2008) “The Latin Sy
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(2000) Apuleius. A Second Sophist.
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Hesse, R. (2003) Syntax of the Mode
Page 365 and 366:
Humphries, M. (2009) “The Shapes
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Justus, C. (2008) “Late Latin Dep
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Lafferty, M.K. (2003) “Translatin
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Leclercq, J. (1996) The Love of Lea
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Lobrichon, G. (2003) La Bible au Mo
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Mackay, A. (1977) Spain in the Midd
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Marichal, R. (1988) Les graffites d
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Mazzini, I. & Bacci, L. (2001) Evan
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Milham, M.E. (1959) “Aspects of N
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Morrison, K.F. (1969) Tradition and
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(1996) The Celtic Monk: Rules and W
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Pei, M. & Gaynor, F. (1954) A Dicti
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209-214 484-487 (1961a) “The Inte
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Rajan, T. & Wright, J.M. (1998) “
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Roberts, C.H. & Skeat, T.A (1983) T
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Sala, M. (2005) From Latin to Roman
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Sheldrake, P. (2007) A brief histor
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Steiner, P. (2005) “Russian Forma
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Thorpe, L.G.M. (1969) Einhard and N
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(1982) The long-haired kings and ot
Page 407 and 408:
Williams, G. (1968) Tradition and O
Page 409:
Wygralak, P. (2006) “Contemptus m
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