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therefore not specifically a feature of later Latin. Aulus Gellius, for example, tells the story behind the popularity of adsentio, instead of the normal adsentior, after it was first used by a certain Sisenna in the senate; 559 the sentiment echoed that of Quintilian, a century or so before. 560 However, the fact that deponent verbs remained in popular use in the later Latin period is suggested by the fact that Christian writing was responsible for a trend of deponent neologisms: dominari, infirmari, iacturari, potentari, principari, profetari (Burton 2000: 182); even in the eighth century it is still possible to note the use of some eight-hundred and eighty-eight deponent verb forms (Justus 2008: 500). In the case where a verb possessed both a deponent and a normal active form, it makes little sense why a writer would choose a deponent form over its active counterpart if it were no longer in use, or at best likely to be confused by a reader or listener. For example: “qui segregati a coetu fraterno ob negligentiam suam fuerant merentur indulgentiam”. 561 Neither are they likely to use a passive form of such a verb if the listeners were not able to disassociate it from the deponent: “confestim in conspectus totius congregationis adductus, sciscitabitur ab abbate utrum liber an seruus”. 562 It can be established, then, that on a written level at least, that the authors of the monastic rules were perfectly capable of manipulating correctly the deponent and passive verb forms. This is especially shown in 559 Noctes Atticae 2.25.9, “Inde M. Uarro in eodem libro: Sentior, inquit, nemo dicit et id per se nihil est, adsentior tamen fere omnes dicunt. Sisenna unus adsentio in senatu dicebat et eum postea multi secuti, neque tamen uincere consuetudinem potuerunt”. 560 Institutiones 9.3.7, “Quod minus mirum est quia in natura uerborum est et quae facimus patiendi modo saepe dicere, ut "arbitror", "suspicor", et contra faciendi quae patimur, ut "uapulo": ideoque frequens permutatio est et pleraque utroque modo efferuntur: luxuriatur luxuriat, fluctuatur fluctuat, adsentior adsentio”. 561 Rule of Fructuosus 1. 562 Rule of Fructuosus 21. 247
examples where deponents and passives are used within the same sentence. In these situations, it is normally the case that the grammar behind deponent and synthetic passive verbs has to be understood on both a morphological and semantic level in order for a sentence to make sense. This is made obvious in examples throughout the monastic rules where they are employed. For example: “nequaquam debet monachus dedignari uersari in opere aliquo monasterii usibus necessario” 563 “a monk should in no way think it unworthy (deponent infinitive) to be engaged (passive infinitive) in any work necessary for the profit of the monastery”; “qui prior in monasterio conuersus fuerit [...] prior loquatur cum interrogantur fratres pro aliqua quaestione” 564 “he who was first converted into the monastery [...] shall speak (deponent present) first when the monks are examined (passive present) over any inquiry” “Proinde isti non debent despicere quas delegatas oues habent; quia exindi non unam, sed multas consecuntur mercedes. Inde sustentantur infirmi, inde recreantur paruuli, indi 563 Rule of Isidore 5.2. 564 Rule of Fructuosus 22. 248
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THE MONASTIC RULES OF VISIGOTHIC IB
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Abstract This thesis is concerned w
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List of Abbreviations CIL Corpus In
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3.4 In nomine Patria et Filea et Sp
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6.3 The Thesis of Roger Wright 230
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texts? This includes a comparison o
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versa. The interest stems from the
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thesis is in some senses a wide ran
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The presence of regionally-specific
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and cultural problems. The term „
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(d) monasticism implies a cenobitic
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authority and legitimacy to precept
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nuncupant, liberique ab imperio sen
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which Louth (2004) has divided rece
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(1980: 30). In addition to De Vogü
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Christian communities. 28 In terms
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pragmatic information than others;
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1.4.1 The De institutione uirginum
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1.4.2 The Epistle Firstly, the prob
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Isidore reveals that some prominent
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In answer to the question, then, of
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uini‟ and „De habitu uirginum
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1.4.4 Overall Conclusion: A Monasti
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Iberian Peninsula is of interest be
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Fortunatus respectively. 49 Evident
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Despite the high quantity of litera
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econstruct actual monastic life is
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diuturnis temporibus”. Thus begin
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Fathers, physical labour had been a
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community, 75 and the monastic rule
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part of a monk‟s diet due to the
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Isidore had warned that paradoxical
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monastic rules demonstrate that the
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primary sources. 115 In some cases,
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The monastic rules, in addition, re
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mention of double monasteries, the
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2.8 Regional Variation and the Pecu
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However, there are some noticeable
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elationship between an elder and ju
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In the second instance, one of the
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from Muslim control, it would appea
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However, the lack of primary eviden
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Studies in Medieval Literacy. 165 T
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Today, many countries aim for 100 %
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e a sentiment echoed by Augustine h
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Similar problems can be posited for
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early medieval west in a bilingual-
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mysterious, aura. It is entirely li
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which dealt with the regulation of
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is reckoned to possess a collection
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3.6 Visigothic Oral Culture Althoug
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3.7 “Lectio tibi sit adsidua”:
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The coupling of monastic life with
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Cuteclara, west of Cordoba, specifi
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3.8 Uses of Literacy The most commo
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(Williams 1999: 180-181). Jerome ha
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nouerunt”; 237 “sed inter utros
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opus quod faciat, ut non uacet”.
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obsculto, along with the noun auris
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textual communities were formed of
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3.10 Visigothic Monasteries as Text
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“where monastic texts do refer to
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3.11 Conclusions Irvine (1994) disc
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Chapter Four: Literary Technique an
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including stylistic techniques and
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conclusive (Hernardi 1978; Robson 1
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It would be churlish to abandon the
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style of the monastic rules, it wou
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examples of this, a topic that will
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purposeful „manipulation‟ of th
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placed in public places informing r
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There are a couple of important poi
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This can be compared with two typic
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4.6 The Oral Nature of the Language
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The monastic rules often speak info
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suum asserens dicat: codex meus, ta
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1962; Law 1997. For a specifically
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changed here in the Latin, and whil
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parentibus, alius de germanis, aliu
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uitae duratus [...] ac transcendens
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4.8.2 Figurative Language in the Co
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Elsewhere, Valerius of Bierzo, in h
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It is also notable that such descri
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Mercurii 5.535) and Fronto (De Eloq
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quieto”; 386 “pius enim et oble
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However, it is worth noting that mo
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modern histories” (ibid.: 191). I
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On a stylistic note, there must be
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semantic implications and artificia
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useful to remember that the idea of
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century monastic rule shows just ho
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It cannot be imagined that all conv
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Isidore frequently cites from Augus
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Naturally, it cannot be presumed th
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to their audience and, as demonstra
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his clothes (ηνῖο ἱκαηί
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Maltby 2002; Velázquez Soriano 200
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specific terms are used to describe
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also includes the use of substantiv
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5.4 Christian Latin In contrast to
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style of speech have been subject t
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feature of any discussion of lingui
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ancient writers, had long ago state
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proves himself to be an author who
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intelligitur, quae populis sermone
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them. 458 It would be misguided, th
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of speech, as shown by the example
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“Lasciuus, petulans et superbus,
Page 217 and 218: used by everyone, whilst Attic was
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Page 223 and 224: entity as understood from a modern
Page 225 and 226: singulos menses expensum fuerit, pe
Page 227 and 228: Throughout the monastic rules, ad i
Page 229 and 230: Romance, with only a few exceptions
Page 231 and 232: Examples of uel as an inclusive dis
Page 233 and 234: 5.16 Vocabulary The vocabulary of t
Page 235 and 236: Nouoque Testamento duae, deinde lau
Page 237 and 238: influenced by Christianity. Moreove
Page 239 and 240: analysis of Longobardic words in th
Page 241 and 242: it to „split up‟, or that it on
Page 243 and 244: square. 542 It is also found interm
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Page 247 and 248: Chapter Six: Latin or Romance? Lati
Page 249 and 250: is perceived as appropriate for cer
Page 251 and 252: speakers until the eighth century:
Page 253 and 254: Accordingly, there was no need for
Page 255 and 256: languages are those in which “aux
Page 257 and 258: formed a subsection of the passive
Page 259 and 260: forms, such as the correct use of d
Page 261 and 262: Active Deponent Passive Life of Fru
Page 263 and 264: Perigrinatio, used synthetic passiv
Page 265 and 266: famulor, fateor, fruor, gradior, im
Page 267: These points are of particular impo
Page 271 and 272: e able to understand the forms, lea
Page 273 and 274: sociolinguistic nature of the Latin
Page 275 and 276: cycle, or rather whether languages
Page 277 and 278: primary language” (Winford 2003:
Page 279 and 280: for ascertaining a specific time of
Page 281 and 282: trend within Indo-European language
Page 283 and 284: � Germanic Very early written rec
Page 285 and 286: that would emerge would be a varied
Page 287 and 288: instability between deponent and ac
Page 289 and 290: death blow for them because there n
Page 291 and 292: more difficulty. To take a random e
Page 293 and 294: able to explain why it is „thy‟
Page 295 and 296: when people became conscious that t
Page 297 and 298: linguistic consciousness of the var
Page 299 and 300: 6.14 “Loquendum est Russice et sc
Page 301 and 302: the region of Latium in central Ita
Page 303 and 304: homogenous as to permit the souther
Page 305 and 306: любимший: понеж без
Page 307 and 308: two would have been nevertheless si
Page 309 and 310: separate languages through a combin
Page 311 and 312: mention at least because Liturgical
Page 313 and 314: period is still a long way from bei
Page 315 and 316: Concluding Remarks Naturally, there
Page 317 and 318: problem is that they can never be a
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A final point should be brought to
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Primary Sources: Bibliography Many
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Secondary Sources: Abad Leόn, F.
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Anderson, J. & Rochet, B. (1979) Hi
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Barr, J. (1961) The Semantics of Bi
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Biville, F. (1994) “Collisions sy
Page 331 and 332:
Bowes, K. & Kulikowski, M. (2005)(e
Page 333 and 334:
Burton-Christie, D. (1993) The Word
Page 335 and 336:
Casson, L. (2002) Libraries in the
Page 337 and 338:
Clark, J.W. (1957) Early English. A
Page 339 and 340:
Colombas, G.M. (1975) El monacato p
Page 341 and 342:
(2002) “Aspects of the Micro-Stru
Page 343 and 344:
De Jong, M. (1996) In Samuel‘s Im
Page 345 and 346:
Devoto, G. (1999) Il linguaggio d
Page 347 and 348:
Dodds, J.D. (1990) Architecture and
Page 349 and 350:
Ewert, A. (1935) “The Strasborg O
Page 351 and 352:
Finkelberg, M. & Stroumsa, G.G. (20
Page 353 and 354:
(1996) Linguistic Criticism, 2 nd e
Page 355 and 356:
(1997) “Sinonomia y diferencia de
Page 357 and 358:
Goldberg, S.M. (2005) “The Early
Page 359 and 360:
Hagemann, K. (2008) “The Latin Sy
Page 361 and 362:
(2000) Apuleius. A Second Sophist.
Page 363 and 364:
Hesse, R. (2003) Syntax of the Mode
Page 365 and 366:
Humphries, M. (2009) “The Shapes
Page 367 and 368:
Justus, C. (2008) “Late Latin Dep
Page 369 and 370:
Lafferty, M.K. (2003) “Translatin
Page 371 and 372:
Leclercq, J. (1996) The Love of Lea
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Lobrichon, G. (2003) La Bible au Mo
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Mackay, A. (1977) Spain in the Midd
Page 377 and 378:
Marichal, R. (1988) Les graffites d
Page 379 and 380:
Mazzini, I. & Bacci, L. (2001) Evan
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Milham, M.E. (1959) “Aspects of N
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Morrison, K.F. (1969) Tradition and
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(1996) The Celtic Monk: Rules and W
Page 387 and 388:
Pei, M. & Gaynor, F. (1954) A Dicti
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209-214 484-487 (1961a) “The Inte
Page 391 and 392:
Rajan, T. & Wright, J.M. (1998) “
Page 393 and 394:
Roberts, C.H. & Skeat, T.A (1983) T
Page 395 and 396:
Sala, M. (2005) From Latin to Roman
Page 397 and 398:
Sheldrake, P. (2007) A brief histor
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Steiner, P. (2005) “Russian Forma
Page 401 and 402:
Thorpe, L.G.M. (1969) Einhard and N
Page 403 and 404:
Veilleux, A. (1968) “The Abbatial
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(1982) The long-haired kings and ot
Page 407 and 408:
Williams, G. (1968) Tradition and O
Page 409:
Wygralak, P. (2006) “Contemptus m
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