The Turco-Mongol Invasions and the Lords of Armenia in the 13 ...

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9 the latter*a horse (acer zf llln) such that Ivane lost him. However, Vahram, lortTof the land, who was uninformed of the others' flight, went [pursuing the Mongols] as far as Gardman, displaying great bravery in the face of severe destruction" , VA p. 142; 3. Grigor Aknero'i: AJcnerc'i's information on the initial penetration is found in chapter 3 of his History and immediately follows his hazy reference to Jalal al-Sln: "Together with all of this, they once more took a command from their khan, who was called j ankss khan. And they attacked the land of the Albanians and Georgians. " When the king of the Georgians heard about the coming of the Tat ' ars be went against them with 60,000 cavalry to the great plain called Kotman, located before Terunakan fortress. When the battle was Joined, through the influence of satan, the enemy of truth, Hamidawla, the lord of Manasa stable, because of some grudge, hamstrung the horse of At ' abak Iwvane. ?or at that time Laia, king of Georgia, had died, leaving a eon named Dawit' and a daughter Rusudan (U uzuk'an). Dawit' had fallen into the hands of the sultan of Sum and was in prison. His sistoj Rusudan held the kingdom under the supervision of Iwvane, called the At'abak. " Now as was said above, when.the news of the coming of the Tat'ars was learned, Iwvane took the oavalry of the Georgian kingdom and came to GagA to the great and wise prince Varham, son of Plu Zak ' are. Taking him with his own army he went against the Tat ' ars. The mighty gnd great prince Varham took the right wing and Iwvane the left. But when they attacked each other the accursed Hamidawla worked this crime which was described. " When the Nation of the Archers saw such dissension amongst them, they grew stronger and attacked the Georgian cavalry, mercilessly killing them. " However the great prince Varham, lord of Gag, who had taken Ccommand] of the .[army's] right wing went on until evening, mercilessly attacking and killing the Tat ' ars until the plain of Sagam was generally filled with slain Tat'ars. When Varham, prince of Gag heard of the destruction of the forces of the kingdom, sorrowing greatly, he left off warring and returned to his secure fortress called K ' arherj. This took place in the year 663 of the Armenian Era (-1215)", GA, pp. 292,294? Step'annos Orbelean: After describing the 7 ygars of famine and clamities occasioned by Jalal al-Sin, Step ' annos wrote: "Now after 11 years, the Lord raised up out of the East the Nation of the Archers or Mulals, also vulgarly known as T at ars, from the land of Sin and Ma?in, from beyond Xat'astan... Now the third division [of the Mongol army] passed straight through the land [of Persia], crossing the great 7ahan river which they themselves call the Amu Mawra. And moving about like a storm, they reached our land, general ly subjecting every place...The first to come to [this] land were Jawraan, falatay, Asian, Asawur and Laia khan. They took the land in 1237 (685 A.l.)", SO pp. 146-48. In other words, as far as Step annos cares to relate, the 96
97 first penetration of the Mongols was linked with the immediate submission of the Orbeleans; 5. The confused account in the History of £art * li associates the appgaranee .of the Mongols in Caucasia with the hunt for Jalal al-Djn, but the chronology is impossible. Chingis-Khaa sent princes Tamay and Salpian with 12,000 soldiers haTing no arms or food, no swords, and only [bows and] arrows. " They traversed I'uran, Jeon, Zorasan, SralClraq], Atrpatakan, and reached GanjaJt. No one opposed them, but if [realsters appeared anywhere, they defeated all of them. Having reached the borders of Georgia they began ravaging the Gag country. TahramCVarham] Gagell and atabek Ivane learned about this and informed king Laia about foreign tribes speaking an unknown language who had come to ruin Somzit i. The king summoned his army, Imerc ' is and Amerc'ls, gathered a force of 90,000 and sent them to that border of Gag where the Tatars were. ?rom there a large force joined them, comprising atabek Ivane andvhis brother's son Sahnlah CSanie] and the msaxurt ' -uxue * ee Vahram of Gag, and they went on?. The latars were encamped on the banks of the BerduVSagln river. They defeated the Georgians who fled. "The Tatars reached as far as Samsvilde and turned back from there working such amazing deeds. They went by the Sarband road [and], because neither the SlrvanSah nor the people of Sarband resisted them, they passed through "the the Gate of Darband and entered the Qlpchaqa* country. These they forced to fight, and many times the Qlpchaqa battled but the Tatars were always victorious. And so they went on, fighting. " Thus as I said, [the Mongols], unarmed and with unshod horses, traversing such a road crossed Qlpchaa. circumloouted the Sarband Sea and reached their ruler Chlngiz-. Khan in Qara-Qoruo. This extraordinary feat was accomplished wTthout stopping, crossing all the roads with unshod horses. Those fho had come from Qara-Qorum returned there. When Chinglz-Khan learned that the Tatars had been victorious .everywhere, he sent his sons to find sultan Jalal al-Din of Zorasan", KC pp. 166-67; MuradyanCMur.], pp. 55-56. 97
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This is an authorized facsimile and
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INFORMATION TO USERS This was produ
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ABSTRACT TEE TURCO-MONGOL INVASIONS
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socio-economic and political histor
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INTRODUCTION The history of Greater
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If the history of 13-l4tfa century
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In recent times a number of Armenia
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themselves. In this case, as in cha
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This study, therefore, provides inf
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ut precisely that narrow scope and
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nobility. Nonetheless, their works
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al-Athir bad little to say about Ar
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their Church . Considerably less im
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Accounts made by four 13-l4tb centu
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at the beginning and toward the end
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in the year 1241/42 (690 A.E. )„.
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Ganjakee'i's Hiatory of Armenia is
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the Diane Abaga and Berke (1266/67)
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?snakan, and to the prince of princ
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from personal acquaintance with the
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year of Step'annos' birth is not kn
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In chapter 73 of the History the au
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to Cilicia, he wrote; ...But when S
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The HNA differs from the works of o
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.that Grigor learned the meanings o
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y his student Xirakos Banaser (the
Page 53 and 54: The History of Tamerlane and His Su
Page 55 and 56: more important even than Samuel's o
Page 57 and 58: In addition to the more lengthy chr
Page 59 and 60: Colophons of the 13-l4th Centuries
Page 61 and 62: Inscriptions The late 13th century
Page 63 and 64: eastern Asia Minor further enchance
Page 65 and 66: Of the various sources considered t
Page 67 and 68: It was mentioned at the beginning o
Page 69 and 70: The major Georgian soureea, the His
Page 71 and 72: CHAPTER TWO ARMENIA AND THE TURCO-M
Page 73 and 74: earliest references to Turkish atta
Page 75 and 76: 15C000 Turkmens from the Urmiah are
Page 77 and 78: Just as the Turkish conquests of Ar
Page 79 and 80: differentiation it remains true, no
Page 81 and 82: northward (into Georgia) . The naxa
Page 83 and 84: and overwhelmingly Armenian in the
Page 85 and 86: members and these "fiefdoms" quickl
Page 87 and 88: p. The politleal, social and econom
Page 89 and 90: The establishment of Turkish politi
Page 91 and 92: them "Armenians" . However, it must
Page 93 and 94: 8 the Saljuq sultans and rulers of
Page 95 and 96: Saljuq architecture not only took a
Page 97 and 98: 9 Maakaberdelle not only commanded
Page 99 and 100: Th» great demographic, military, a
Page 101 and 102: 9 before the Georgians (HP p. 50).
Page 103: his pursuers and had, in fact, died
Page 107 and 108: etrospect, this Mongol campaign, co
Page 109 and 110: different parts of the Caucasus unt
Page 111 and 112: said: 'This is not the work of man
Page 113 and 114: of Ganjak, Lori, and Tiflis in whic
Page 115 and 116: had lasted seven years. Not only di
Page 117 and 118: However, none of the enemy entered
Page 119 and 120: As will be aeen in the next chapter
Page 121 and 122: their base in Azarbaijan, but retur
Page 123 and 124: The defeat of the Saljuqs at K3se D
Page 125 and 126: formal taxes had been imposed on Ar
Page 127 and 128: of the Great Khan Gtiytik himself,
Page 129 and 130: king wanted to rebel with all the p
Page 131 and 132: causes of the unrest remained unadd
Page 133 and 134: Another administrative change occur
Page 135 and 136: This unruly group also caused much
Page 137 and 138: Dawit', son of Lasa, who was subjec
Page 139 and 140: During the reign of Htilegtt'a son
Page 141 and 142: their particular districts were exp
Page 143 and 144: sons and all his company of soldier
Page 145 and 146: It is a known fact that at the time
Page 147 and 148: Hie depredations in Georgia and Arm
Page 149 and 150: Among the ephemeral changes institu
Page 151 and 152: Following the death of Abu Sa'id in
Page 153 and 154: north to Khan Jani-3eg of the Golde
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eturned north via Shirvan. With the
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either the registers were extermina
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The country hardly had recovered fr
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Although the focus of this chapter
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hope for protection, or even for eq
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Toumanoff . Host important, the ess
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It is not .our purpose here (and in
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inscription (1215) of one meeatun.
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Unlike the territorial units of Ars
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165 Under the jurisdiction of atabe
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married to Vaxt'ang lord of lagen d
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The Kaxarars and the Invasions of t
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was unwilling . The Armenian and Ge
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ut at least in one instance, the po
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Mongols is recounted variously by t
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GA: "Thereafter when the wise princ
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enriched specifically after crushin
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In theory as well as in practice, t
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...How [the Khan] gave to king Davi
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MSngke: ...With Sartakh was the pio
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Some naxarara—notably those enjoy
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elc'i, HttlegU utilized Armenian me
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During the Mongol domination de-nax
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Aibula Gageli, and Sargls T'mogveli
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expendable, they usually designated
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military man XarsayiS Orbelean by A
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troops remained on alert in Mughan
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next year, Zak'are was murdered „
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The initial Mongol expedition of 12
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elements in the army learned about
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villages around Melitene/Malatya ,
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part* of the Armenian highlands, at
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itions of Nauruz (1295/96) during t
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Hat* was captured by Turkmans in 13
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and western Armenia were used almos
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dinars ae set down in the registers
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Bayburt and Sebastia/SivasJ Qara-Qo
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lands to religious establishments u
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_ Remember too that your brother, t
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come to his aid against the lurk, a
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through Naxijewan, Juia, through A*
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is Italy are not unknown. In the 14
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The sane may be true of Malak'ia's
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The Timurids forced certain princes
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in aouthweatern Armenia in the earl
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At the beginning of this chapter it
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CONCLUSION Thia study has examined
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destroy and move on had to be fough
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The nobility of the Zak'arid reviva
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..cOur own analysis justifies [Zore
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submerged by the egalitariansio of
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APPENDIX A Supplementary Hotea on t
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er hayreneac * iwroc * yawura nora)
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The emigration of Armenians to Geor
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to counter Orbelean influence by ad
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The Armenophile David III who ruled
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While the study concerns the 13-14t
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eparapet" in the sources . As Babay
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Xalbakean-Froeeani. Babayan reasona
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Patron Xawfas, son of Aair Sargis,
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1291 to 1318 a system of collegial
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Sfflbat may have had elements of an
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The birth of their son Demitre crea
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the king's action, reminiscent of E
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According to the History of K'art *
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especially those living and working
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A third source of conflict came fro
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APPENDIX C Hotea on the Relations b
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his student Kirakos, and many other
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were possessed by devils and were s
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fhe fact that Hasan, subsequently "
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impostor claimed that: ...he had be
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la my opinion, the lord mentioned a
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I. Sources Bibliography AL Aristake
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Ibn Bibi Ibn Bibi, Die Seltsohukeng
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Trans. : Collection d1historians ar
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II. Literature Abelyan, M., Erker [
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301 Sotsial 'no-akonomicheskaia i p
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Galatyan, A.G., "The Conquest of Ar
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Manandyan, H.A., Feodalizma hin Hay
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Sahnazarean, A., "Zak'arean tohmi c
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'uriyan, H.G., "Sah-i-Armenner CThe
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amir-hejub amir-spaaalar kat'oiikos
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