The Turco-Mongol Invasions and the Lords of Armenia in the 13 ...

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As a result of territorial expansion.especially southwest into historical Armenia,the Georgian monarchy had at its disposal an ample fund of land. Choice sites especially in the Armeno-Georgian borderlands were available for gifts to court officials as rewards for military or other services, or to guarantee loyalty. How the Crown intended such land gifts to be conditional, that is, they were given to a particular individual for the duration of his life or of his tenure. Such was the situation with the district of Lor* and the amirspasal- arate. In 1118 Lore was Orbelean property. After the dispossession of the Georgian Orbeleans la 1176-77, Lore was confiscated and given to the amirspasalar Xubasar. When Xubasar was removed from office in 1184, T'amar left him in all of his holdings except Lore, by now considered the property of the anirspasalar . The fact remains, however, that with time, just as appointed offices (such as the amlrapaaalarate) tended to become hereditary, so did those conditional landholds (such as Lore) become hereditary within one family (Zak'areans). Hargaryan, p. 49. . llargaryan notes that Kayean until 1176-77 belonged to prince Hasan.,from 1185-91, to Vardan Dadlan. After 1191 it belonged to Iwane Zak arean. He suggests that Kayean went to Jhe holder of the office of msaxurt -uzuc *es. just as Lore went to the amirspaaalarfp. 59). 258
While the study concerns the 13-14th centuries and not merely the Zak'arid restoration, we feel obliged to make some mention of Zak'arid institutions. These institutions have been examined thoroughly by fiabayan, most recently. Regrettably, details are lacking concerning the precise workings of political administration in the immediately pre-Mongol period. The brothers Zak'are and Iwane, both notable, generals, also held official positions within the Georgian court. Zak'are was the commander-in—- chief of the army (amirapaaalar) as of 1191, and the mandaturt '-uxuc 'ea from 1203 onj while his brother, first the maaxurt'-uxuc *es (foremost vezier at court) became atabeg in 1212, an office which was instituted within the Georgian court at Iwane's own request . 1 HAP p. 545; S. Eremyan, Amirspasalar Zak'aria ErkavnabazuJf (Erevan, 1944) p. 17: mandaturt'-uruc es: "vezier of the seal and head of the queen's bodyguard"? The following is a partial listing of Zak'arid family titles compiled from inscriptions and colophons. 239 d.1212, Zak'are mand. + amirsp. atabek Iwane (d.1227) 1228/29 (son) Sahnsah (d.l26l).mand. (son)Awag, amirsp.(YT p.71) 1230/31 amirsp. (VTpp. 73-74) 1231/32 amirap.(VT p. 74) 1246/47 spasalarlVI p. 90) 1251/52 amirsP.(CIA v. I p. 15) atabek and amirap. (CIA v.I p. 64) , 1258/59 mand. (VT. p. 10l) 1273/74 atabek+amirsp. paron Sadun (VT p. 115) (d.1284) 1285/86 spaaalar Xarkreeal "gon of the great Sahnsah (JIT p. 126). 1 orti /fto MM^ MM** M*. .&*.»..»4 **.i _~._ _ ^ fl_^..2..i. tvm K. "\ f\ \ a>.aucjt, aa^uiaoLU 1336/37 atabek Varham(brother of above).paron of parons (VI pp. . 1342/43 p§!r§6)atabek Varham (VT p. 167). 1358/59 atabek 2aza (VT pp. 169^70) 1396/97 in the paronuViwn of atabek Iwane (14CC p. 614).
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This is an authorized facsimile and
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INFORMATION TO USERS This was produ
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ABSTRACT TEE TURCO-MONGOL INVASIONS
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socio-economic and political histor
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INTRODUCTION The history of Greater
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If the history of 13-l4tfa century
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In recent times a number of Armenia
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themselves. In this case, as in cha
Page 17 and 18:
This study, therefore, provides inf
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ut precisely that narrow scope and
Page 21 and 22:
nobility. Nonetheless, their works
Page 23 and 24:
al-Athir bad little to say about Ar
Page 25 and 26:
their Church . Considerably less im
Page 27 and 28:
Accounts made by four 13-l4tb centu
Page 29 and 30:
at the beginning and toward the end
Page 31 and 32:
in the year 1241/42 (690 A.E. )„.
Page 33 and 34:
Ganjakee'i's Hiatory of Armenia is
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the Diane Abaga and Berke (1266/67)
Page 37 and 38:
?snakan, and to the prince of princ
Page 39 and 40:
from personal acquaintance with the
Page 41 and 42:
year of Step'annos' birth is not kn
Page 43 and 44:
In chapter 73 of the History the au
Page 45 and 46:
to Cilicia, he wrote; ...But when S
Page 47 and 48:
The HNA differs from the works of o
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.that Grigor learned the meanings o
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y his student Xirakos Banaser (the
Page 53 and 54:
The History of Tamerlane and His Su
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more important even than Samuel's o
Page 57 and 58:
In addition to the more lengthy chr
Page 59 and 60:
Colophons of the 13-l4th Centuries
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Inscriptions The late 13th century
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eastern Asia Minor further enchance
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Of the various sources considered t
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It was mentioned at the beginning o
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The major Georgian soureea, the His
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CHAPTER TWO ARMENIA AND THE TURCO-M
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earliest references to Turkish atta
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15C000 Turkmens from the Urmiah are
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Just as the Turkish conquests of Ar
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differentiation it remains true, no
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northward (into Georgia) . The naxa
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and overwhelmingly Armenian in the
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members and these "fiefdoms" quickl
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p. The politleal, social and econom
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The establishment of Turkish politi
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them "Armenians" . However, it must
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8 the Saljuq sultans and rulers of
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Saljuq architecture not only took a
Page 97 and 98:
9 Maakaberdelle not only commanded
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Th» great demographic, military, a
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9 before the Georgians (HP p. 50).
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his pursuers and had, in fact, died
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97 first penetration of the Mongols
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etrospect, this Mongol campaign, co
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different parts of the Caucasus unt
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said: 'This is not the work of man
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of Ganjak, Lori, and Tiflis in whic
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had lasted seven years. Not only di
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However, none of the enemy entered
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As will be aeen in the next chapter
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their base in Azarbaijan, but retur
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The defeat of the Saljuqs at K3se D
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formal taxes had been imposed on Ar
Page 127 and 128:
of the Great Khan Gtiytik himself,
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king wanted to rebel with all the p
Page 131 and 132:
causes of the unrest remained unadd
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Another administrative change occur
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This unruly group also caused much
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Dawit', son of Lasa, who was subjec
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During the reign of Htilegtt'a son
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their particular districts were exp
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sons and all his company of soldier
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It is a known fact that at the time
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Hie depredations in Georgia and Arm
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Among the ephemeral changes institu
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Following the death of Abu Sa'id in
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north to Khan Jani-3eg of the Golde
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eturned north via Shirvan. With the
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either the registers were extermina
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The country hardly had recovered fr
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Although the focus of this chapter
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hope for protection, or even for eq
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Toumanoff . Host important, the ess
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It is not .our purpose here (and in
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inscription (1215) of one meeatun.
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Unlike the territorial units of Ars
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165 Under the jurisdiction of atabe
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married to Vaxt'ang lord of lagen d
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The Kaxarars and the Invasions of t
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was unwilling . The Armenian and Ge
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ut at least in one instance, the po
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Mongols is recounted variously by t
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GA: "Thereafter when the wise princ
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enriched specifically after crushin
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In theory as well as in practice, t
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...How [the Khan] gave to king Davi
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MSngke: ...With Sartakh was the pio
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Some naxarara—notably those enjoy
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elc'i, HttlegU utilized Armenian me
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During the Mongol domination de-nax
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Aibula Gageli, and Sargls T'mogveli
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expendable, they usually designated
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military man XarsayiS Orbelean by A
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troops remained on alert in Mughan
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next year, Zak'are was murdered „
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The initial Mongol expedition of 12
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elements in the army learned about
Page 215 and 216: villages around Melitene/Malatya ,
Page 217 and 218: part* of the Armenian highlands, at
Page 219 and 220: itions of Nauruz (1295/96) during t
Page 221 and 222: Hat* was captured by Turkmans in 13
Page 223 and 224: and western Armenia were used almos
Page 225 and 226: dinars ae set down in the registers
Page 227 and 228: Bayburt and Sebastia/SivasJ Qara-Qo
Page 229 and 230: lands to religious establishments u
Page 231 and 232: _ Remember too that your brother, t
Page 233 and 234: come to his aid against the lurk, a
Page 235 and 236: through Naxijewan, Juia, through A*
Page 237 and 238: is Italy are not unknown. In the 14
Page 239 and 240: The sane may be true of Malak'ia's
Page 241 and 242: The Timurids forced certain princes
Page 243 and 244: in aouthweatern Armenia in the earl
Page 245 and 246: At the beginning of this chapter it
Page 247 and 248: CONCLUSION Thia study has examined
Page 249 and 250: destroy and move on had to be fough
Page 251 and 252: The nobility of the Zak'arid reviva
Page 253 and 254: ..cOur own analysis justifies [Zore
Page 255 and 256: submerged by the egalitariansio of
Page 257 and 258: APPENDIX A Supplementary Hotea on t
Page 259 and 260: er hayreneac * iwroc * yawura nora)
Page 261 and 262: The emigration of Armenians to Geor
Page 263 and 264: to counter Orbelean influence by ad
Page 265: The Armenophile David III who ruled
Page 269 and 270: eparapet" in the sources . As Babay
Page 271 and 272: Xalbakean-Froeeani. Babayan reasona
Page 273 and 274: Patron Xawfas, son of Aair Sargis,
Page 275 and 276: 1291 to 1318 a system of collegial
Page 277 and 278: Sfflbat may have had elements of an
Page 279 and 280: The birth of their son Demitre crea
Page 281 and 282: the king's action, reminiscent of E
Page 283 and 284: According to the History of K'art *
Page 285 and 286: especially those living and working
Page 287 and 288: A third source of conflict came fro
Page 289 and 290: APPENDIX C Hotea on the Relations b
Page 291 and 292: his student Kirakos, and many other
Page 293 and 294: were possessed by devils and were s
Page 295 and 296: fhe fact that Hasan, subsequently "
Page 297 and 298: impostor claimed that: ...he had be
Page 299 and 300: la my opinion, the lord mentioned a
Page 301 and 302: I. Sources Bibliography AL Aristake
Page 303 and 304: Ibn Bibi Ibn Bibi, Die Seltsohukeng
Page 305 and 306: Trans. : Collection d1historians ar
Page 307 and 308: II. Literature Abelyan, M., Erker [
Page 309 and 310: 301 Sotsial 'no-akonomicheskaia i p
Page 311 and 312: Galatyan, A.G., "The Conquest of Ar
Page 313 and 314: Manandyan, H.A., Feodalizma hin Hay
Page 315 and 316: Sahnazarean, A., "Zak'arean tohmi c
Page 317 and 318:
'uriyan, H.G., "Sah-i-Armenner CThe
Page 319 and 320:
amir-hejub amir-spaaalar kat'oiikos
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