The Turco-Mongol Invasions and the Lords of Armenia in the 13 ...

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This lends credence to the view that the Zak'arids created a partial microcosm of the Georgian Court hierarchy on their own lands. Other important offices (gorcakalut'iwnk*) fleet- ingly referred to in the sources are the kotmnakalut *iwnk * or lieutenancies. In Zak'arid Armenia there were three of them, held by three major families: in Siwnik', the Or- beleans, in Ayrarat the Vajuteans, and in Vayoc* Jor the 1296/97 Mina khatun, the royal queen, daughter of the great lieutenant of Albania, Jalal (filA. v.III p. 237: VT p. 138). 1307 Colophon,14CC p.42, prince of princes Burt'el, 1307 Wife of Hasan the asparapet of Armenia (CIA r.III P.76: VT. p. 154). 1322 Col.l4CC p. 166; "in the generalship and princedom of this district [GlajorJ of Burt'el and Aalr Hasan". 1324 Col. 14CC p. 182, "the king of Georgia and Greater Armenia, Gawrg, the prince of princes of the House of Siwnik', apayapet Burt'Jl". 1337/38 Col.l4CC p. 292, "for the paron of parons. Peigen, heir of the royal line of Greater Armenia and bis son Blikum, 'born in the purple'". 1338/39 Kurd Anberdec'i, prince of princes (VJ p4 166). 1348/49 Col. J4CC p. 369,"prince of princes Bgsken and Ivane", sons of deceased paron Burt'el 1341/42 Col. 14CC p. 328: "in the consulship, and sparapetut iwn of Armenia of Biwrt'el [Orbelean]. 1400/1 Col.l4CC p. 632, "the princedom of paron Smbat and Burdel". 262
Xalbakean-Froeeani. Babayan reasonably suggests that the kotmnakals were endowed with some administrative-judicial powers . The sane author bellevee that the amiras or emirs were city mayors who stood at the head of an elaborate but poorly-understood governing body which included clergy and wealthy laymen. It is clear from Inscriptions that at times even the administrative heads of large villages were appointed directly from the top, in one case by Iwane himself^. Ihe sources also contain a welter of terms such as tanuter. gaherec * iSatan, patronac * patron and others, some known from the dawn of Armenian writing, others new. However, the manner in which the real content of such terms changed over time is not clearly known. Often titles such as sahnSah or aarzban appear as the given names of individuals who held titled official positions, adding to the confusion'. H4£ P. 552. MAP p. 553; YT pp. 50, 52, 68. 3 The following are some random examples of the confusion resulting from the use of titles as proper names. 1206/7 irspasalar Zak 'are calls himself Zak 'are Sahnsah , CVT P. 47) 1208/9 Sahnsah ahnsah Zak aria (CIA v. I p. 6; Vf p. 49}
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This is an authorized facsimile and
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INFORMATION TO USERS This was produ
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ABSTRACT TEE TURCO-MONGOL INVASIONS
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socio-economic and political histor
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INTRODUCTION The history of Greater
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If the history of 13-l4tfa century
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In recent times a number of Armenia
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themselves. In this case, as in cha
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This study, therefore, provides inf
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ut precisely that narrow scope and
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nobility. Nonetheless, their works
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al-Athir bad little to say about Ar
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their Church . Considerably less im
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Accounts made by four 13-l4tb centu
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at the beginning and toward the end
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in the year 1241/42 (690 A.E. )„.
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Ganjakee'i's Hiatory of Armenia is
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the Diane Abaga and Berke (1266/67)
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?snakan, and to the prince of princ
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from personal acquaintance with the
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year of Step'annos' birth is not kn
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In chapter 73 of the History the au
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to Cilicia, he wrote; ...But when S
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The HNA differs from the works of o
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.that Grigor learned the meanings o
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y his student Xirakos Banaser (the
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The History of Tamerlane and His Su
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more important even than Samuel's o
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In addition to the more lengthy chr
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Colophons of the 13-l4th Centuries
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Inscriptions The late 13th century
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eastern Asia Minor further enchance
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Of the various sources considered t
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It was mentioned at the beginning o
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The major Georgian soureea, the His
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CHAPTER TWO ARMENIA AND THE TURCO-M
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earliest references to Turkish atta
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15C000 Turkmens from the Urmiah are
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Just as the Turkish conquests of Ar
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differentiation it remains true, no
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northward (into Georgia) . The naxa
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and overwhelmingly Armenian in the
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members and these "fiefdoms" quickl
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p. The politleal, social and econom
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The establishment of Turkish politi
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them "Armenians" . However, it must
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8 the Saljuq sultans and rulers of
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Saljuq architecture not only took a
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9 Maakaberdelle not only commanded
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Th» great demographic, military, a
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9 before the Georgians (HP p. 50).
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his pursuers and had, in fact, died
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97 first penetration of the Mongols
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etrospect, this Mongol campaign, co
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different parts of the Caucasus unt
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said: 'This is not the work of man
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of Ganjak, Lori, and Tiflis in whic
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had lasted seven years. Not only di
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However, none of the enemy entered
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As will be aeen in the next chapter
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their base in Azarbaijan, but retur
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The defeat of the Saljuqs at K3se D
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formal taxes had been imposed on Ar
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of the Great Khan Gtiytik himself,
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king wanted to rebel with all the p
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causes of the unrest remained unadd
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Another administrative change occur
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This unruly group also caused much
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Dawit', son of Lasa, who was subjec
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During the reign of Htilegtt'a son
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their particular districts were exp
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sons and all his company of soldier
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It is a known fact that at the time
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Hie depredations in Georgia and Arm
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Among the ephemeral changes institu
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Following the death of Abu Sa'id in
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north to Khan Jani-3eg of the Golde
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eturned north via Shirvan. With the
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either the registers were extermina
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The country hardly had recovered fr
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Although the focus of this chapter
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hope for protection, or even for eq
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Toumanoff . Host important, the ess
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It is not .our purpose here (and in
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inscription (1215) of one meeatun.
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Unlike the territorial units of Ars
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165 Under the jurisdiction of atabe
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married to Vaxt'ang lord of lagen d
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The Kaxarars and the Invasions of t
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was unwilling . The Armenian and Ge
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ut at least in one instance, the po
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Mongols is recounted variously by t
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GA: "Thereafter when the wise princ
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enriched specifically after crushin
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In theory as well as in practice, t
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...How [the Khan] gave to king Davi
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MSngke: ...With Sartakh was the pio
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Some naxarara—notably those enjoy
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elc'i, HttlegU utilized Armenian me
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During the Mongol domination de-nax
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Aibula Gageli, and Sargls T'mogveli
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expendable, they usually designated
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military man XarsayiS Orbelean by A
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troops remained on alert in Mughan
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next year, Zak'are was murdered „
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The initial Mongol expedition of 12
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elements in the army learned about
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villages around Melitene/Malatya ,
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part* of the Armenian highlands, at
Page 219 and 220: itions of Nauruz (1295/96) during t
Page 221 and 222: Hat* was captured by Turkmans in 13
Page 223 and 224: and western Armenia were used almos
Page 225 and 226: dinars ae set down in the registers
Page 227 and 228: Bayburt and Sebastia/SivasJ Qara-Qo
Page 229 and 230: lands to religious establishments u
Page 231 and 232: _ Remember too that your brother, t
Page 233 and 234: come to his aid against the lurk, a
Page 235 and 236: through Naxijewan, Juia, through A*
Page 237 and 238: is Italy are not unknown. In the 14
Page 239 and 240: The sane may be true of Malak'ia's
Page 241 and 242: The Timurids forced certain princes
Page 243 and 244: in aouthweatern Armenia in the earl
Page 245 and 246: At the beginning of this chapter it
Page 247 and 248: CONCLUSION Thia study has examined
Page 249 and 250: destroy and move on had to be fough
Page 251 and 252: The nobility of the Zak'arid reviva
Page 253 and 254: ..cOur own analysis justifies [Zore
Page 255 and 256: submerged by the egalitariansio of
Page 257 and 258: APPENDIX A Supplementary Hotea on t
Page 259 and 260: er hayreneac * iwroc * yawura nora)
Page 261 and 262: The emigration of Armenians to Geor
Page 263 and 264: to counter Orbelean influence by ad
Page 265 and 266: The Armenophile David III who ruled
Page 267 and 268: While the study concerns the 13-14t
Page 269: eparapet" in the sources . As Babay
Page 273 and 274: Patron Xawfas, son of Aair Sargis,
Page 275 and 276: 1291 to 1318 a system of collegial
Page 277 and 278: Sfflbat may have had elements of an
Page 279 and 280: The birth of their son Demitre crea
Page 281 and 282: the king's action, reminiscent of E
Page 283 and 284: According to the History of K'art *
Page 285 and 286: especially those living and working
Page 287 and 288: A third source of conflict came fro
Page 289 and 290: APPENDIX C Hotea on the Relations b
Page 291 and 292: his student Kirakos, and many other
Page 293 and 294: were possessed by devils and were s
Page 295 and 296: fhe fact that Hasan, subsequently "
Page 297 and 298: impostor claimed that: ...he had be
Page 299 and 300: la my opinion, the lord mentioned a
Page 301 and 302: I. Sources Bibliography AL Aristake
Page 303 and 304: Ibn Bibi Ibn Bibi, Die Seltsohukeng
Page 305 and 306: Trans. : Collection d1historians ar
Page 307 and 308: II. Literature Abelyan, M., Erker [
Page 309 and 310: 301 Sotsial 'no-akonomicheskaia i p
Page 311 and 312: Galatyan, A.G., "The Conquest of Ar
Page 313 and 314: Manandyan, H.A., Feodalizma hin Hay
Page 315 and 316: Sahnazarean, A., "Zak'arean tohmi c
Page 317 and 318: 'uriyan, H.G., "Sah-i-Armenner CThe
Page 319 and 320: amir-hejub amir-spaaalar kat'oiikos
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