The Turco-Mongol Invasions and the Lords of Armenia in the 13 ...

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in, to the point that one lay presbyter, talcing hia people, even went before[the Tatars]carrying [in procession] hooded crosses. The enemy put them to the sword, one and all. 1. The Mongols' motives in this instance, during their reconnaissance mission of 1220/21 simply may have been to terrorize the population. However it is* not impossible that the unfortunate Christian welcoming party was mistaken for a band of secular princes. According to Klrakos Ganjakec'i, when in 1236 the Mongols returned to the Caucasus and in subduing the region captured the great cleric and scholar Vanakan yardapet. they thought that he was a secular prince and pressed him for information about fortresses and the whereabout of the Armenian lords . In any case, in 1236 the Mongols did not exterminate the intellectuals who had fallen into their hands. Vanakan, ___ asein. t "«f un bereal istor ___ ec'i vraneay ew xaC sk anCelagorc : gari^arkanen, ara^T laein. 25 amenavn 2ork'*n~a7ea]1 1 nnrsne" " tanin 1,an erivanae ' d^wreanc , ew o^ pakaa^. avl ibrew BBS. J^n amenek qajn. ^ t^nglQY- novn kapign anden fflflay. . .Ew avgpifli hambaw a tut *ean Ic aw vasxarha. Vaan ayaorik o5 amrae an bnakigk aaxarh^n. erec ml asxarhakan* area], zjotovurd iwr. ew ' Ya»elovk;'^9nt 'ae^w and ara^ noc 'a. Ew, noc 'a verav edeal* kotorec ^ znosa afr haearak ___ ". KG p. 246. 282
his student Kirakos, and many other clerics were forced to serve the Mongols as secretaries, 'writing and reading letters"1. A definite improvement in conditions for Christians of the Mongol Middle East was achieved by the Syrian doctor of the Church, Rabban in 1241/42 . Thanks to Kg p. 249: "A£a arin ew zis eynkerac' imoc* zkni iwreano * 4 pets dprut *ean erel t u^t- gwant ernul...". 283 2 £G PP. 276-77: "...He was known as the 'father of the Khan', since in Syriac raban means vardapet. while in Mongolian at'a means father. As soon as he heard about the merciless*"killing of the Christians occasioned by the Tatar troops, he approached the Khan and beseeched him for a letter to give the Tatar troops, commanding them not to kill Innocent people the way they were doing, people who had not warred against them, but instead [the Mongols should] let them alone so..that they might serve the king. With great pomp the Khan sent Raban himself to his commanders with a written ord~er that all obey his command. /-" "When Raban arrived, many things turned propitious for the Christians and the killings and captures ceased. Be likewise built churches in TaSik cities where previously no one dared utter the name of Christ—even in Tabriz and the city of NaxSawan which were yet more inimical to the Christians, so much so that Christians [dwelling there] did not dare appear or walk abroad openly, to say nothing of constructing a church or erecting a cross. Yet Raban erected cross and church, and the sounding-board was heard day and night. Christians openly took their dead for burial, carrying [in the procession] hooded crosses, gospels, and worshipping after the Christian custom. Those opposing them were put to death. No one dared come out against [Raban'a] order. On the contrary, the Tatar army revered him like their king, and without Raban, they neither planned ner did anything...And those merchants who had his tamgha that is to say, insignia, boldly circulated throughout the lands and no one dared approach those who mentioned Raban's name. Instead all the Tatar commanders gave him gifts from their booty".
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This is an authorized facsimile and
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INFORMATION TO USERS This was produ
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ABSTRACT TEE TURCO-MONGOL INVASIONS
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socio-economic and political histor
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INTRODUCTION The history of Greater
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If the history of 13-l4tfa century
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In recent times a number of Armenia
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themselves. In this case, as in cha
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This study, therefore, provides inf
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ut precisely that narrow scope and
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nobility. Nonetheless, their works
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al-Athir bad little to say about Ar
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their Church . Considerably less im
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Accounts made by four 13-l4tb centu
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at the beginning and toward the end
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in the year 1241/42 (690 A.E. )„.
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Ganjakee'i's Hiatory of Armenia is
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the Diane Abaga and Berke (1266/67)
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?snakan, and to the prince of princ
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from personal acquaintance with the
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year of Step'annos' birth is not kn
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In chapter 73 of the History the au
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to Cilicia, he wrote; ...But when S
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The HNA differs from the works of o
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.that Grigor learned the meanings o
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y his student Xirakos Banaser (the
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The History of Tamerlane and His Su
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more important even than Samuel's o
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In addition to the more lengthy chr
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Colophons of the 13-l4th Centuries
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Inscriptions The late 13th century
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eastern Asia Minor further enchance
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Of the various sources considered t
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It was mentioned at the beginning o
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The major Georgian soureea, the His
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CHAPTER TWO ARMENIA AND THE TURCO-M
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earliest references to Turkish atta
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15C000 Turkmens from the Urmiah are
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Just as the Turkish conquests of Ar
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differentiation it remains true, no
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northward (into Georgia) . The naxa
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and overwhelmingly Armenian in the
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members and these "fiefdoms" quickl
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p. The politleal, social and econom
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The establishment of Turkish politi
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them "Armenians" . However, it must
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8 the Saljuq sultans and rulers of
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Saljuq architecture not only took a
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9 Maakaberdelle not only commanded
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Th» great demographic, military, a
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9 before the Georgians (HP p. 50).
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his pursuers and had, in fact, died
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97 first penetration of the Mongols
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etrospect, this Mongol campaign, co
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different parts of the Caucasus unt
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said: 'This is not the work of man
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of Ganjak, Lori, and Tiflis in whic
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had lasted seven years. Not only di
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However, none of the enemy entered
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As will be aeen in the next chapter
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their base in Azarbaijan, but retur
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The defeat of the Saljuqs at K3se D
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formal taxes had been imposed on Ar
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of the Great Khan Gtiytik himself,
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king wanted to rebel with all the p
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causes of the unrest remained unadd
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Another administrative change occur
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This unruly group also caused much
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Dawit', son of Lasa, who was subjec
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During the reign of Htilegtt'a son
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their particular districts were exp
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sons and all his company of soldier
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It is a known fact that at the time
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Hie depredations in Georgia and Arm
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Among the ephemeral changes institu
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Following the death of Abu Sa'id in
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north to Khan Jani-3eg of the Golde
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eturned north via Shirvan. With the
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either the registers were extermina
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The country hardly had recovered fr
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Although the focus of this chapter
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hope for protection, or even for eq
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Toumanoff . Host important, the ess
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It is not .our purpose here (and in
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inscription (1215) of one meeatun.
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Unlike the territorial units of Ars
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165 Under the jurisdiction of atabe
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married to Vaxt'ang lord of lagen d
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The Kaxarars and the Invasions of t
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was unwilling . The Armenian and Ge
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ut at least in one instance, the po
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Mongols is recounted variously by t
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GA: "Thereafter when the wise princ
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enriched specifically after crushin
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In theory as well as in practice, t
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...How [the Khan] gave to king Davi
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MSngke: ...With Sartakh was the pio
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Some naxarara—notably those enjoy
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elc'i, HttlegU utilized Armenian me
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During the Mongol domination de-nax
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Aibula Gageli, and Sargls T'mogveli
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expendable, they usually designated
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military man XarsayiS Orbelean by A
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troops remained on alert in Mughan
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next year, Zak'are was murdered „
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The initial Mongol expedition of 12
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elements in the army learned about
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villages around Melitene/Malatya ,
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part* of the Armenian highlands, at
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itions of Nauruz (1295/96) during t
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Hat* was captured by Turkmans in 13
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and western Armenia were used almos
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dinars ae set down in the registers
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Bayburt and Sebastia/SivasJ Qara-Qo
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lands to religious establishments u
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_ Remember too that your brother, t
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come to his aid against the lurk, a
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through Naxijewan, Juia, through A*
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is Italy are not unknown. In the 14
Page 239 and 240: The sane may be true of Malak'ia's
Page 241 and 242: The Timurids forced certain princes
Page 243 and 244: in aouthweatern Armenia in the earl
Page 245 and 246: At the beginning of this chapter it
Page 247 and 248: CONCLUSION Thia study has examined
Page 249 and 250: destroy and move on had to be fough
Page 251 and 252: The nobility of the Zak'arid reviva
Page 253 and 254: ..cOur own analysis justifies [Zore
Page 255 and 256: submerged by the egalitariansio of
Page 257 and 258: APPENDIX A Supplementary Hotea on t
Page 259 and 260: er hayreneac * iwroc * yawura nora)
Page 261 and 262: The emigration of Armenians to Geor
Page 263 and 264: to counter Orbelean influence by ad
Page 265 and 266: The Armenophile David III who ruled
Page 267 and 268: While the study concerns the 13-14t
Page 269 and 270: eparapet" in the sources . As Babay
Page 271 and 272: Xalbakean-Froeeani. Babayan reasona
Page 273 and 274: Patron Xawfas, son of Aair Sargis,
Page 275 and 276: 1291 to 1318 a system of collegial
Page 277 and 278: Sfflbat may have had elements of an
Page 279 and 280: The birth of their son Demitre crea
Page 281 and 282: the king's action, reminiscent of E
Page 283 and 284: According to the History of K'art *
Page 285 and 286: especially those living and working
Page 287 and 288: A third source of conflict came fro
Page 289: APPENDIX C Hotea on the Relations b
Page 293 and 294: were possessed by devils and were s
Page 295 and 296: fhe fact that Hasan, subsequently "
Page 297 and 298: impostor claimed that: ...he had be
Page 299 and 300: la my opinion, the lord mentioned a
Page 301 and 302: I. Sources Bibliography AL Aristake
Page 303 and 304: Ibn Bibi Ibn Bibi, Die Seltsohukeng
Page 305 and 306: Trans. : Collection d1historians ar
Page 307 and 308: II. Literature Abelyan, M., Erker [
Page 309 and 310: 301 Sotsial 'no-akonomicheskaia i p
Page 311 and 312: Galatyan, A.G., "The Conquest of Ar
Page 313 and 314: Manandyan, H.A., Feodalizma hin Hay
Page 315 and 316: Sahnazarean, A., "Zak'arean tohmi c
Page 317 and 318: 'uriyan, H.G., "Sah-i-Armenner CThe
Page 319 and 320: amir-hejub amir-spaaalar kat'oiikos
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