The Turco-Mongol Invasions and the Lords of Armenia in the 13 ...

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According to Step'annos, the preeminence of Orbeleana in Caucasian affairs continued after Smbat "passed from this world in a chariot of angels"—probably murdered while in Tabriz (1274) . Smbat's heir, his younger brother Tarsayi! supposedly enthroned Demitre "with great effort" as king of Georgia2. But the History of K'art'li describes matters differently. Sadun Arcrunl's great influence is noted, while TarsayiS Orbelean is not even mentioned: During this period Sadun Mahkanaberdeli had become stronger than all his contemporary princes, since Abaqa liked him. And [Sadun] started to be caretaker of all Georgia's affairs, because [the king] had entrusted [to his care] lord atabek Awag'a daughter, while XoSak* had given him the ejjibdom. Then all the didebuls of Georgia assembled and took the royal Demitre Jo the Horde. They went to Sahniah's son, Iwane, the mandat'urt*— uxuc'es. and he too went to the Horde where they saw to it.that Demitre received the reign... [Abaqa-Khan] gave the entire kingdom to him, excepting [the lands of] Sargis Jaqeli. He sent him back to Sadun whom king Demitre made atabek.. 3. 1 SO p. 166. 2 SO p. 171: "bazug JJaniw". 3 KC pp. 269-70} Mur. p. 150.
According to the History of K'art *li. Sadun was made atabek by the new Georgian monarch, and upon his death (dc 1281/82) his son Xut'lubuia Arcruni received Sadun'a property and the office of spaapeti . Step'annos Orbelean wrote the following: ...[Arghun-Khan]liked -kiag Benitre greatly. He gave DemiTre the entire land of Armenia, tne tun(House) of Awag and the tun of Sahnsah and of the Gagec'ik' and the sons ofj Sadun... ...Then Demitre returned [to the Caucasus] with great Joy and all the azats and grandees of Georgia and Armenia with him. When he reached Sarur, Tarsayic" came before him and magnified the king with great honor and royal gifts. [Demitre] took him to his Awagean country, Ayrarat, and greatly entreating him, forced him to be atabek over his entire lordship, from Tiflis to Ani and Kara. He also entrusted TarsayiS with his young sons, Dawit' and Manuel whom he raised and kept. Thereafter TarsayiS held the atabekate of the land of Armenia and did many things to lighten[the lot of] the harassed Armenian people... King Demitre "sent his little son David to the house of atabek Awag so that he would grow up there and have a KG p. 281 j ilur. p. 150. 2 According to the History of K'art *li. the property of atabek Awag, before being entrusted to king Demitr.e -oeionged to the sahipdiwan". i.e., to Shams ad-Din Juvaini (KC p. 285; Mur. pTTf7JT"s"0 pp7 172-73: "£w er and nora _t 'agaworn Denetre. zor sireac ' Ariunn. ew et nma zamena7n asxarha Kayoc *ztunn Awagean ew ztunn sahansahean ew Gaggc 'in ew zordian Sadun at 'abekin. . .Asa darjaw t TTecieTre me caw xndut eamb ew amenayn azatok , ew meeameck Vrac Tw Hayoc ' and nma. Tw ekeal ^ Sarur* gnac nma and aTaj Tarsayicn mecamec patuov. ew ark unakan ancaviwk ' mecareac zt agaworn. Ew na afeal taraw and iwj zna jrerkirnAwagean*yAyrarat. ew bazum .£ axan 1 aqok bf-naz- >oseac ' £na> -ew £& At abek iverav amenavn terut *ean iwroy nin$ew ,i Tj'^is ew yAni e^ i Kara. £K £d i ers nora zt^ayan iwr zDawlt £w zManueln aoua znosa ew pahel . Ew yavnmhete uner Ta^raayiZn ^ zat abekut ' asxarhis Hayoc '. ew bazum b diwrut * jw_n. ew olarnmt ''iwn neieal azgis Kayoc7" " 275
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This is an authorized facsimile and
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INFORMATION TO USERS This was produ
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ABSTRACT TEE TURCO-MONGOL INVASIONS
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socio-economic and political histor
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INTRODUCTION The history of Greater
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If the history of 13-l4tfa century
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In recent times a number of Armenia
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themselves. In this case, as in cha
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This study, therefore, provides inf
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ut precisely that narrow scope and
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nobility. Nonetheless, their works
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al-Athir bad little to say about Ar
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their Church . Considerably less im
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Accounts made by four 13-l4tb centu
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at the beginning and toward the end
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in the year 1241/42 (690 A.E. )„.
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Ganjakee'i's Hiatory of Armenia is
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the Diane Abaga and Berke (1266/67)
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?snakan, and to the prince of princ
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from personal acquaintance with the
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year of Step'annos' birth is not kn
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In chapter 73 of the History the au
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to Cilicia, he wrote; ...But when S
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The HNA differs from the works of o
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.that Grigor learned the meanings o
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y his student Xirakos Banaser (the
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The History of Tamerlane and His Su
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more important even than Samuel's o
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In addition to the more lengthy chr
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Colophons of the 13-l4th Centuries
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Inscriptions The late 13th century
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eastern Asia Minor further enchance
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Of the various sources considered t
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It was mentioned at the beginning o
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The major Georgian soureea, the His
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CHAPTER TWO ARMENIA AND THE TURCO-M
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earliest references to Turkish atta
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15C000 Turkmens from the Urmiah are
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Just as the Turkish conquests of Ar
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differentiation it remains true, no
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northward (into Georgia) . The naxa
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and overwhelmingly Armenian in the
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members and these "fiefdoms" quickl
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p. The politleal, social and econom
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The establishment of Turkish politi
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them "Armenians" . However, it must
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8 the Saljuq sultans and rulers of
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Saljuq architecture not only took a
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9 Maakaberdelle not only commanded
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Th» great demographic, military, a
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9 before the Georgians (HP p. 50).
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his pursuers and had, in fact, died
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97 first penetration of the Mongols
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etrospect, this Mongol campaign, co
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different parts of the Caucasus unt
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said: 'This is not the work of man
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of Ganjak, Lori, and Tiflis in whic
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had lasted seven years. Not only di
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However, none of the enemy entered
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As will be aeen in the next chapter
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their base in Azarbaijan, but retur
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The defeat of the Saljuqs at K3se D
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formal taxes had been imposed on Ar
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of the Great Khan Gtiytik himself,
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king wanted to rebel with all the p
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causes of the unrest remained unadd
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Another administrative change occur
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This unruly group also caused much
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Dawit', son of Lasa, who was subjec
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During the reign of Htilegtt'a son
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their particular districts were exp
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sons and all his company of soldier
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It is a known fact that at the time
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Hie depredations in Georgia and Arm
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Among the ephemeral changes institu
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Following the death of Abu Sa'id in
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north to Khan Jani-3eg of the Golde
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eturned north via Shirvan. With the
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either the registers were extermina
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The country hardly had recovered fr
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Although the focus of this chapter
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hope for protection, or even for eq
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Toumanoff . Host important, the ess
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It is not .our purpose here (and in
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inscription (1215) of one meeatun.
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Unlike the territorial units of Ars
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165 Under the jurisdiction of atabe
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married to Vaxt'ang lord of lagen d
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The Kaxarars and the Invasions of t
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was unwilling . The Armenian and Ge
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ut at least in one instance, the po
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Mongols is recounted variously by t
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GA: "Thereafter when the wise princ
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enriched specifically after crushin
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In theory as well as in practice, t
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...How [the Khan] gave to king Davi
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MSngke: ...With Sartakh was the pio
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Some naxarara—notably those enjoy
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elc'i, HttlegU utilized Armenian me
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During the Mongol domination de-nax
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Aibula Gageli, and Sargls T'mogveli
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expendable, they usually designated
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military man XarsayiS Orbelean by A
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troops remained on alert in Mughan
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next year, Zak'are was murdered „
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The initial Mongol expedition of 12
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elements in the army learned about
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villages around Melitene/Malatya ,
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part* of the Armenian highlands, at
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itions of Nauruz (1295/96) during t
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Hat* was captured by Turkmans in 13
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and western Armenia were used almos
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dinars ae set down in the registers
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Bayburt and Sebastia/SivasJ Qara-Qo
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lands to religious establishments u
Page 231 and 232: _ Remember too that your brother, t
Page 233 and 234: come to his aid against the lurk, a
Page 235 and 236: through Naxijewan, Juia, through A*
Page 237 and 238: is Italy are not unknown. In the 14
Page 239 and 240: The sane may be true of Malak'ia's
Page 241 and 242: The Timurids forced certain princes
Page 243 and 244: in aouthweatern Armenia in the earl
Page 245 and 246: At the beginning of this chapter it
Page 247 and 248: CONCLUSION Thia study has examined
Page 249 and 250: destroy and move on had to be fough
Page 251 and 252: The nobility of the Zak'arid reviva
Page 253 and 254: ..cOur own analysis justifies [Zore
Page 255 and 256: submerged by the egalitariansio of
Page 257 and 258: APPENDIX A Supplementary Hotea on t
Page 259 and 260: er hayreneac * iwroc * yawura nora)
Page 261 and 262: The emigration of Armenians to Geor
Page 263 and 264: to counter Orbelean influence by ad
Page 265 and 266: The Armenophile David III who ruled
Page 267 and 268: While the study concerns the 13-14t
Page 269 and 270: eparapet" in the sources . As Babay
Page 271 and 272: Xalbakean-Froeeani. Babayan reasona
Page 273 and 274: Patron Xawfas, son of Aair Sargis,
Page 275 and 276: 1291 to 1318 a system of collegial
Page 277 and 278: Sfflbat may have had elements of an
Page 279 and 280: The birth of their son Demitre crea
Page 281: the king's action, reminiscent of E
Page 285 and 286: especially those living and working
Page 287 and 288: A third source of conflict came fro
Page 289 and 290: APPENDIX C Hotea on the Relations b
Page 291 and 292: his student Kirakos, and many other
Page 293 and 294: were possessed by devils and were s
Page 295 and 296: fhe fact that Hasan, subsequently "
Page 297 and 298: impostor claimed that: ...he had be
Page 299 and 300: la my opinion, the lord mentioned a
Page 301 and 302: I. Sources Bibliography AL Aristake
Page 303 and 304: Ibn Bibi Ibn Bibi, Die Seltsohukeng
Page 305 and 306: Trans. : Collection d1historians ar
Page 307 and 308: II. Literature Abelyan, M., Erker [
Page 309 and 310: 301 Sotsial 'no-akonomicheskaia i p
Page 311 and 312: Galatyan, A.G., "The Conquest of Ar
Page 313 and 314: Manandyan, H.A., Feodalizma hin Hay
Page 315 and 316: Sahnazarean, A., "Zak'arean tohmi c
Page 317 and 318: 'uriyan, H.G., "Sah-i-Armenner CThe
Page 319 and 320: amir-hejub amir-spaaalar kat'oiikos
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