The Turco-Mongol Invasions and the Lords of Armenia in the 13 ...

northward (into Georgia) .
The
naxarars. relocating as
their Environment on the Armenians in Exile In the Eleventh
Century", Congress, pp. 432-38.
The complex history of Cilicia lies beyond the purview
of this study. In the absence of any thorough modern study
of that kingdom, one might consult G.G.Mikaelian, Istoriia
Kilikiiskogo Apn anst ofig gosudarstyaCHistoyv ££ the Cllician
Armenian Government! (Erevan, 1952), or S.V.Botnazyan ,
SSs. l l-tntfgahan harafe?rat 'rwingn itllilnYan havkakan
Petut vunumrSoclo-Economic Relations jja. SM. Cilicia Aja.-
Sliiaa SialfiJ (Erevan, 1973). On Mongol-Cilician relations
see Galstyan's Armenian article in P3H #1(1964) and the
English translation of it in the Armenian Review, vol. XXIX
Ko.-l-113 (1976), "The First Armeno-Uongol Negotiations",
pp.26-37. Political and demographic conditions on the
northern border served to confuse what was "Armenian" in
that area also. As Cyril Toumanoff has demonstrated
Cin his Studies i . Christian Caucasian Hi story (Georgetown.
1963), part v: "She Armeno-Georgian Marcblands", pp. 437-
99], between Armenia and Iberia from northeast to northwest
stretched a series of border districts which were neither
Armenian nor Georgian, but Armeno-Georgian , as their ;|
double names attest. Possessed of mixed Armenian and '|
Georgian populations, such border districts over the centur- '$
ies passed from Armenian to Georgian polit-i cal control (or
vice versa). Among these districts were: Tayk /Tao, Kol*/
Kol, Artani/Artahan, Javaxet'i/Jawaxk', T'rialet'i/T'telk',
Asoc'/Aboc'i, Tasir/Tasiri-, Gogsurene, Koibap'or, Jorap'or
and Gardman.
A very strong Armenian presence existed in Iberia
at least from the Arab period on, when many Armenian
families settled there. Among these were offshoots of
the Amatunis, Arcrunis, Bagratids, Kamaarakans, and
Mamikoneans. C, Toumanoff estimates that about 1/5th
of the Georgian royal (Bagratid) and princely dynasties
were of Armenian origin C C.Toumanoff, "Caucasia and
Byzantium", Traditio 27(1971) p.129 n.73]. The tendency
for Armenian emigration northward to Iberia accelerated
with time. Concomitantly the creation of great Armeno-
Georgian dynasties relfected the growing Armenian influence
in Iberia»
In the immediately pre-Saljuq period, the greatest threat
to Armenia in the north came not from I. eria, but from the
political manoeuvrings of Byzantium. In the year 1000,
upon the death of the Georgian Bagratid ruler of Tayk '
/Tao,
David the Curopalate, David's hereditary state of Upper
Tao as well as his Armenian territories-Karin, the districts
of Basen and Apahunik '
with the city of Manazkert as its
capital-passed to the Empire by "will". In 1021 the
Byzantine emperor Basil II invaded the north and annexed the
73
1