The Turco-Mongol Invasions and the Lords of Armenia in the 13 ...

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subjugated by sword or treaty all of northeastern and northern Armenia. They net with no serious resistance anywhere. The Mongol conquest of western and southern Armenia took place between 1242 and 1245. These lands, it will be remembered, though inhabited by Armenians were under the political domination of the Saljuqs or, in the case of Xlat', of the Ayyubids1. In 1242 BaiJu-noyin (the successor of the former supreme commander Chonnaehun who had lost his hearing) took Karin/Erzerum after a siege of two months. The population was massacred and led away into slavery . The Mongols spent the winter of 1243 at 1 See pp. 63-64.above. 2 HAP III p. 611; SEPHA p. 109! JS. P. 137; Ibn Bibi describes how the rulers of Xlat and Erzerum were arguing over money for hiring mercenaries to defend themselves (Ibn Bibi pp. 222-37); BH describes the taking of Erzerum (p. 406). During 1242 the Mongols looted as far south as Xarberd (BH pp. 406-407). KG; "As soon asBaiju assumed authority he forthwith mustered troops from all the peoples under his domination and went to that part of Armenia under the domination of the sultan of Bum". He beseiged Karin and invited the city to surrender. Receiving a negative reply, Baiju broke down the walls with seige machinery and destroyed the city. "And at that time the city was very heavily populated being filled not only with Christians and Taeiks, but all the people from the whole district had assembled there [for protection], "In the city were countless holy gospels [belonging to] the great and the small. The foreigners took these and sold the expensive ones to the Christians in their army cheaply. In glee they spread through each district, dividing up the churches and monasteries. May Christ reward the Christian princes Awag, Sahnsah, Vahram's son Albula, pious Dop''a son Grigor Xajenc'i, and their troops. For these princes bought out of slavery as many men, women, and children, bishops, priest and eacons as was possible" (KG pp. 279-80); GA pp. 307, 309. 112
their base in Azarbaijan, but returned in springtime to crush the forces of the Saljuq sultan of Rum, Ghiyath al-Din Kai Khusrau at Kose Dagh/Chmankatuk near Erzinjan . The See A.G.Galstyan's Armenian article in PBH #1(1964) and the English translation of it "The First Armeno-Mongol Negotiations" in the Armenian Review vol. XXIX (1976) pp. 26-37 thereafter fcAIflft.FAMN pp. 27-29? SEPHA pp. 110-11. BH p. 407 describes the battle of Chmankatuk, as does Abu'1-Fida (Nalb. p. 234). Ibn Bibi describes the defeat, and the subsequent "unfriendliness" of the Cilician Armenians in surrendering the sultan's refugee mother to the Mongols (Ibn Bibi pp. 222-37). KG; "The sultan had left his usual place and had come to that part of Armenia which was under his domination, hard by a village called Sman-katuk. "General Baiju, consistent with his deep knowledge, divided his soldiers into many fronts, putting foremost those under the brave commanders while the foreign troops composed of various nationalities who had come with them he divided so that they would not work any treachery" (KG p. 282); Vardan Arewelc'l's account of the taking of western Armenia is quite brief, mentioning neither the Armeno-Georgian auxiliaries nor the tactisc used in battle: "88. Now in the year 1243 Baiju-noyin replaced the authority of Chormaghun and took the city of Karin, taking thence Umek"7 a man venerable, wealthy (mecatun) and fearful of the Lord, as well as his relations, the sons of paron Yohann, Step'annos and his five brothers. In 1244 [Baiju conquered] the whole territory of Rum and the notable cities, first Caesarea, then Sebastia [whose people] were spared destruction since they had submitted early, then Erznka which was mercilessly destroyed and enslaved, for it had resisted. CThe Mongols also took] many lands and districts where especially the Armenian people [were to] dwell in distree" (VA p. 147). GA; "The commander of the army was Baiju-noyin. a man successful in battle, achieving many victories wherever he met realstera. But the causes of victory were the Armenian and Georgian princes who were in the front lines and launched themselves with a mighty blow against the enemy. Then, after them, came the T at'ars, with bow and arrow". Georgians were not only fighting on the. Mongols' side. Aknerc'i notes that the son of Salue, who had been with the sultan of Rum for a long time, fought in the sultan's army. "When the battle waxed fierce, the courageous and renowned son of Salue put to flight the T'at'ars and killed many of them". Aknerc'i also praises the fighting ability of Aibuia, son of Vahram, granson of Plu Zak'are, fightiru- on the Mongols' aide. At nightfall 113
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This is an authorized facsimile and
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INFORMATION TO USERS This was produ
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ABSTRACT TEE TURCO-MONGOL INVASIONS
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socio-economic and political histor
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INTRODUCTION The history of Greater
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If the history of 13-l4tfa century
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In recent times a number of Armenia
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themselves. In this case, as in cha
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This study, therefore, provides inf
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ut precisely that narrow scope and
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nobility. Nonetheless, their works
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al-Athir bad little to say about Ar
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their Church . Considerably less im
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Accounts made by four 13-l4tb centu
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at the beginning and toward the end
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in the year 1241/42 (690 A.E. )„.
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Ganjakee'i's Hiatory of Armenia is
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the Diane Abaga and Berke (1266/67)
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?snakan, and to the prince of princ
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from personal acquaintance with the
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year of Step'annos' birth is not kn
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In chapter 73 of the History the au
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to Cilicia, he wrote; ...But when S
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The HNA differs from the works of o
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.that Grigor learned the meanings o
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y his student Xirakos Banaser (the
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The History of Tamerlane and His Su
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more important even than Samuel's o
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In addition to the more lengthy chr
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Colophons of the 13-l4th Centuries
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Inscriptions The late 13th century
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eastern Asia Minor further enchance
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Of the various sources considered t
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It was mentioned at the beginning o
Page 69 and 70: The major Georgian soureea, the His
Page 71 and 72: CHAPTER TWO ARMENIA AND THE TURCO-M
Page 73 and 74: earliest references to Turkish atta
Page 75 and 76: 15C000 Turkmens from the Urmiah are
Page 77 and 78: Just as the Turkish conquests of Ar
Page 79 and 80: differentiation it remains true, no
Page 81 and 82: northward (into Georgia) . The naxa
Page 83 and 84: and overwhelmingly Armenian in the
Page 85 and 86: members and these "fiefdoms" quickl
Page 87 and 88: p. The politleal, social and econom
Page 89 and 90: The establishment of Turkish politi
Page 91 and 92: them "Armenians" . However, it must
Page 93 and 94: 8 the Saljuq sultans and rulers of
Page 95 and 96: Saljuq architecture not only took a
Page 97 and 98: 9 Maakaberdelle not only commanded
Page 99 and 100: Th» great demographic, military, a
Page 101 and 102: 9 before the Georgians (HP p. 50).
Page 103 and 104: his pursuers and had, in fact, died
Page 105 and 106: 97 first penetration of the Mongols
Page 107 and 108: etrospect, this Mongol campaign, co
Page 109 and 110: different parts of the Caucasus unt
Page 111 and 112: said: 'This is not the work of man
Page 113 and 114: of Ganjak, Lori, and Tiflis in whic
Page 115 and 116: had lasted seven years. Not only di
Page 117 and 118: However, none of the enemy entered
Page 119: As will be aeen in the next chapter
Page 123 and 124: The defeat of the Saljuqs at K3se D
Page 125 and 126: formal taxes had been imposed on Ar
Page 127 and 128: of the Great Khan Gtiytik himself,
Page 129 and 130: king wanted to rebel with all the p
Page 131 and 132: causes of the unrest remained unadd
Page 133 and 134: Another administrative change occur
Page 135 and 136: This unruly group also caused much
Page 137 and 138: Dawit', son of Lasa, who was subjec
Page 139 and 140: During the reign of Htilegtt'a son
Page 141 and 142: their particular districts were exp
Page 143 and 144: sons and all his company of soldier
Page 145 and 146: It is a known fact that at the time
Page 147 and 148: Hie depredations in Georgia and Arm
Page 149 and 150: Among the ephemeral changes institu
Page 151 and 152: Following the death of Abu Sa'id in
Page 153 and 154: north to Khan Jani-3eg of the Golde
Page 155 and 156: eturned north via Shirvan. With the
Page 157 and 158: either the registers were extermina
Page 159 and 160: The country hardly had recovered fr
Page 161 and 162: Although the focus of this chapter
Page 163 and 164: hope for protection, or even for eq
Page 165 and 166: Toumanoff . Host important, the ess
Page 167 and 168: It is not .our purpose here (and in
Page 169 and 170: inscription (1215) of one meeatun.
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Unlike the territorial units of Ars
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165 Under the jurisdiction of atabe
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married to Vaxt'ang lord of lagen d
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The Kaxarars and the Invasions of t
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was unwilling . The Armenian and Ge
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ut at least in one instance, the po
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Mongols is recounted variously by t
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GA: "Thereafter when the wise princ
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enriched specifically after crushin
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In theory as well as in practice, t
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...How [the Khan] gave to king Davi
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MSngke: ...With Sartakh was the pio
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Some naxarara—notably those enjoy
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elc'i, HttlegU utilized Armenian me
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During the Mongol domination de-nax
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Aibula Gageli, and Sargls T'mogveli
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expendable, they usually designated
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military man XarsayiS Orbelean by A
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troops remained on alert in Mughan
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next year, Zak'are was murdered „
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The initial Mongol expedition of 12
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elements in the army learned about
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villages around Melitene/Malatya ,
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part* of the Armenian highlands, at
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itions of Nauruz (1295/96) during t
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Hat* was captured by Turkmans in 13
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and western Armenia were used almos
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dinars ae set down in the registers
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Bayburt and Sebastia/SivasJ Qara-Qo
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lands to religious establishments u
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_ Remember too that your brother, t
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come to his aid against the lurk, a
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through Naxijewan, Juia, through A*
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is Italy are not unknown. In the 14
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The sane may be true of Malak'ia's
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The Timurids forced certain princes
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in aouthweatern Armenia in the earl
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At the beginning of this chapter it
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CONCLUSION Thia study has examined
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destroy and move on had to be fough
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The nobility of the Zak'arid reviva
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..cOur own analysis justifies [Zore
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submerged by the egalitariansio of
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APPENDIX A Supplementary Hotea on t
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er hayreneac * iwroc * yawura nora)
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The emigration of Armenians to Geor
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to counter Orbelean influence by ad
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The Armenophile David III who ruled
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While the study concerns the 13-14t
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eparapet" in the sources . As Babay
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Xalbakean-Froeeani. Babayan reasona
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Patron Xawfas, son of Aair Sargis,
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1291 to 1318 a system of collegial
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Sfflbat may have had elements of an
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The birth of their son Demitre crea
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the king's action, reminiscent of E
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According to the History of K'art *
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especially those living and working
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A third source of conflict came fro
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APPENDIX C Hotea on the Relations b
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his student Kirakos, and many other
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were possessed by devils and were s
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fhe fact that Hasan, subsequently "
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impostor claimed that: ...he had be
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la my opinion, the lord mentioned a
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I. Sources Bibliography AL Aristake
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Ibn Bibi Ibn Bibi, Die Seltsohukeng
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Trans. : Collection d1historians ar
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II. Literature Abelyan, M., Erker [
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301 Sotsial 'no-akonomicheskaia i p
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Galatyan, A.G., "The Conquest of Ar
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Manandyan, H.A., Feodalizma hin Hay
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Sahnazarean, A., "Zak'arean tohmi c
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'uriyan, H.G., "Sah-i-Armenner CThe
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amir-hejub amir-spaaalar kat'oiikos
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