The Turco-Mongol Invasions and the Lords of Armenia in the 13 ...

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Shams ad-Din Juvaini ; king David LaSaean married lawand o Esugan, a relative of Chormaghun ; king Denetre'a sister Tamar was married to emir Arghun's eon'; Demitre's daughter Ruaudan, to the son of Buqa ; king Tazt'ang married Arghun-Khan's sister, Oljjat , who subsequently was wed to Vart'ang's . successor king David6. Cilician sources mention a number of Cilician Armenian notables also who had Mongol spouses, and most likely the Armeno— 1 Saljuq nobility similarly intermarried with Mongol no.yina' SO p. 165. SO p. 167; KG p. 251; Mur. p. 123. KG p. 274; Mur. p. 144. KC p. 281; Mur. p. 150. Also KC p. 285; Mur. p. 153. KC p. 293; Mur. p. 160. KG p. 297; Mur. p. 164. Toward the end of the 13th century, despite protestations from the Church, the Armeno-Georgian lords began imitating the Mongol and Islamic practise of polygamy. Consequently a number of potentially powerful alliances were formed. TarsayiS Orbelean, for example, during the lifetime of his first wife, married Mina khatun Xalbakean of Xa$en (d. 1311) sister of Hasan Jalal( X. 10, 117, 175,177,2677. One of TarsayiS'a daughters was married into another branch of the Xalbakeans, while a second daughter became the wife of king Demitre's brother Manuel (SO p. 171). Sadun Arcruni took four wives, one of whom was king Demitre's only sister, T'amar(KC p. 278; Mur. p. 147). King Demitre himself had three wives, one of whom was the daughter of the powerful Beka Jaqeli of Samc'xe (KC pp. 282-83; Kurfc 150-51). In the final decades of the 13th century, Orbeleans once again married into the Xalbakean family, and into the family of their rivals, the Arcruni/Mahkanaberdelis (SO p. 179). 190
During the Mongol domination de-naxararization occurred in Armenia as a result of different Mongol policies. During the 13th century, in some oases it was temporary and perhaps unintentional, such as the de-naxararization resulting from the Mongols' insistence that important lords visit the center of Mongol power (be it in Qara-Qorum in the Par East, or later in the Il-Khanid centexsof Iran and Armenia). Sometimes de-naxararization occurred through deaths of naxarars in foreign wars which, as Mongol clients, the naxarars were obliged to participate in. In other cases, de-naxararization was the result of intentional policy: punishment for rebellion and punishment for association with certain Mongol noyins who had fallen into disfavor. With the Islamization of the Mongol court in the 14th century and the concomitant inception of anti- Christian persecution, de-naxararization, by definition directed against one segment of society, degenerated Into massacres (premeditated and "spontaneous11) directed against all levels of Christian Armenian society. Armenian and Georgian sources contain numerous references to the long and difficult journeys to the Par East undertaken by Caucasian lords. Apparently, the first naxarar to be sent to Qara-Qorum was Awag1. Atabek Iwane's renowned KG pp. 262-63: "After a short time had passed, they sent Awag on a ..distant journey to the northeast to their king, called Khan, for they did the same to all the grandees whom they wished to honor. They sent him to the king and, receiving [their] ruler's command, implemented it, for 191
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This is an authorized facsimile and
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INFORMATION TO USERS This was produ
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ABSTRACT TEE TURCO-MONGOL INVASIONS
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socio-economic and political histor
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INTRODUCTION The history of Greater
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If the history of 13-l4tfa century
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In recent times a number of Armenia
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themselves. In this case, as in cha
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This study, therefore, provides inf
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ut precisely that narrow scope and
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nobility. Nonetheless, their works
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al-Athir bad little to say about Ar
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their Church . Considerably less im
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Accounts made by four 13-l4tb centu
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at the beginning and toward the end
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in the year 1241/42 (690 A.E. )„.
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Ganjakee'i's Hiatory of Armenia is
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the Diane Abaga and Berke (1266/67)
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?snakan, and to the prince of princ
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from personal acquaintance with the
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year of Step'annos' birth is not kn
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In chapter 73 of the History the au
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to Cilicia, he wrote; ...But when S
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The HNA differs from the works of o
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.that Grigor learned the meanings o
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y his student Xirakos Banaser (the
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The History of Tamerlane and His Su
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more important even than Samuel's o
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In addition to the more lengthy chr
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Colophons of the 13-l4th Centuries
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Inscriptions The late 13th century
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eastern Asia Minor further enchance
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Of the various sources considered t
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It was mentioned at the beginning o
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The major Georgian soureea, the His
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CHAPTER TWO ARMENIA AND THE TURCO-M
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earliest references to Turkish atta
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15C000 Turkmens from the Urmiah are
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Just as the Turkish conquests of Ar
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differentiation it remains true, no
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northward (into Georgia) . The naxa
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and overwhelmingly Armenian in the
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members and these "fiefdoms" quickl
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p. The politleal, social and econom
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The establishment of Turkish politi
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them "Armenians" . However, it must
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8 the Saljuq sultans and rulers of
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Saljuq architecture not only took a
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9 Maakaberdelle not only commanded
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Th» great demographic, military, a
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9 before the Georgians (HP p. 50).
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his pursuers and had, in fact, died
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97 first penetration of the Mongols
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etrospect, this Mongol campaign, co
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different parts of the Caucasus unt
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said: 'This is not the work of man
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of Ganjak, Lori, and Tiflis in whic
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had lasted seven years. Not only di
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However, none of the enemy entered
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As will be aeen in the next chapter
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their base in Azarbaijan, but retur
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The defeat of the Saljuqs at K3se D
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formal taxes had been imposed on Ar
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of the Great Khan Gtiytik himself,
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king wanted to rebel with all the p
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causes of the unrest remained unadd
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Another administrative change occur
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This unruly group also caused much
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Dawit', son of Lasa, who was subjec
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During the reign of Htilegtt'a son
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their particular districts were exp
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sons and all his company of soldier
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It is a known fact that at the time
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Page 149 and 150: Among the ephemeral changes institu
Page 151 and 152: Following the death of Abu Sa'id in
Page 153 and 154: north to Khan Jani-3eg of the Golde
Page 155 and 156: eturned north via Shirvan. With the
Page 157 and 158: either the registers were extermina
Page 159 and 160: The country hardly had recovered fr
Page 161 and 162: Although the focus of this chapter
Page 163 and 164: hope for protection, or even for eq
Page 165 and 166: Toumanoff . Host important, the ess
Page 167 and 168: It is not .our purpose here (and in
Page 169 and 170: inscription (1215) of one meeatun.
Page 171 and 172: Unlike the territorial units of Ars
Page 173 and 174: 165 Under the jurisdiction of atabe
Page 175 and 176: married to Vaxt'ang lord of lagen d
Page 177 and 178: The Kaxarars and the Invasions of t
Page 179 and 180: was unwilling . The Armenian and Ge
Page 181 and 182: ut at least in one instance, the po
Page 183 and 184: Mongols is recounted variously by t
Page 185 and 186: GA: "Thereafter when the wise princ
Page 187 and 188: enriched specifically after crushin
Page 189 and 190: In theory as well as in practice, t
Page 191 and 192: ...How [the Khan] gave to king Davi
Page 193 and 194: MSngke: ...With Sartakh was the pio
Page 195 and 196: Some naxarara—notably those enjoy
Page 197: elc'i, HttlegU utilized Armenian me
Page 201 and 202: Aibula Gageli, and Sargls T'mogveli
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Page 205 and 206: military man XarsayiS Orbelean by A
Page 207 and 208: troops remained on alert in Mughan
Page 209 and 210: next year, Zak'are was murdered „
Page 211 and 212: The initial Mongol expedition of 12
Page 213 and 214: elements in the army learned about
Page 215 and 216: villages around Melitene/Malatya ,
Page 217 and 218: part* of the Armenian highlands, at
Page 219 and 220: itions of Nauruz (1295/96) during t
Page 221 and 222: Hat* was captured by Turkmans in 13
Page 223 and 224: and western Armenia were used almos
Page 225 and 226: dinars ae set down in the registers
Page 227 and 228: Bayburt and Sebastia/SivasJ Qara-Qo
Page 229 and 230: lands to religious establishments u
Page 231 and 232: _ Remember too that your brother, t
Page 233 and 234: come to his aid against the lurk, a
Page 235 and 236: through Naxijewan, Juia, through A*
Page 237 and 238: is Italy are not unknown. In the 14
Page 239 and 240: The sane may be true of Malak'ia's
Page 241 and 242: The Timurids forced certain princes
Page 243 and 244: in aouthweatern Armenia in the earl
Page 245 and 246: At the beginning of this chapter it
Page 247 and 248: CONCLUSION Thia study has examined
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destroy and move on had to be fough
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The nobility of the Zak'arid reviva
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..cOur own analysis justifies [Zore
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submerged by the egalitariansio of
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APPENDIX A Supplementary Hotea on t
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er hayreneac * iwroc * yawura nora)
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The emigration of Armenians to Geor
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to counter Orbelean influence by ad
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The Armenophile David III who ruled
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While the study concerns the 13-14t
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eparapet" in the sources . As Babay
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Xalbakean-Froeeani. Babayan reasona
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Patron Xawfas, son of Aair Sargis,
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1291 to 1318 a system of collegial
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Sfflbat may have had elements of an
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The birth of their son Demitre crea
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the king's action, reminiscent of E
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According to the History of K'art *
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especially those living and working
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A third source of conflict came fro
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APPENDIX C Hotea on the Relations b
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his student Kirakos, and many other
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were possessed by devils and were s
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fhe fact that Hasan, subsequently "
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impostor claimed that: ...he had be
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la my opinion, the lord mentioned a
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I. Sources Bibliography AL Aristake
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Ibn Bibi Ibn Bibi, Die Seltsohukeng
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Trans. : Collection d1historians ar
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II. Literature Abelyan, M., Erker [
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301 Sotsial 'no-akonomicheskaia i p
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Galatyan, A.G., "The Conquest of Ar
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Manandyan, H.A., Feodalizma hin Hay
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Sahnazarean, A., "Zak'arean tohmi c
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'uriyan, H.G., "Sah-i-Armenner CThe
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amir-hejub amir-spaaalar kat'oiikos
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