The Turco-Mongol Invasions and the Lords of Armenia in the 13 ...

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Mongols in the Caucasus which had been for the pursuit of a fugitive, their reappearance now was for the purpose of conquest and occupation. On this occasion, the Mongols travelled with their families, carts, and herds—their "portable economy" . Upon receiving news of the return of the Mongols, the ruler of Georgia, queen Rusudan (1223-47) with many of the naxarar/didebuls fled to the security of western Georgia, while others secured themselves in their fortresses. But no one was secure. Molar-noyin took the territories of Iwane's nephew Tahrao of Gag: Samk'or, Sagam, Terunakan, Ergevank', Gag, Tawus, Kacaret', K'awazin. The Kiwrlkean fortresses of Macnaberd and Nor Berd fell, and about the same time the clerical historians Vanakan and Kirakos Ganjakec'i were captured. Ghatagha-noyin took Gardman, j?arek', Getabek, and Vardanasat. Ghaghatai-noyin took the Zak'arid holdings of Lori; and soon Dmanis, Samsulde and Tiflie fell. Iwane's son Awag surrendered when his fortress of Kayean was beseiged by Dughata-noyin. Upper and Lower Xa$en were taken by A Jughbugha. while Aalan-neyin took the Siwnik' district . 1 CAMA p. 361. 2 HAP III pp. 607-609; SEPHA pp. 104-105? 107-108; CAMA pp. 361-63; KG pp. 239-50; VA p. 145; GA pp. 294,296; KC 186-67, Mur. pp. 72-73. For translations of these passages see the notes to ch. 3. 110
As will be aeen in the next chapter, in many oases the local Armenian princes, instead of resisting surrendered to the Mongols, were spared, reinstated in their holdings and sometimes even promoted. However, surrender did not always elicit Mongol sympathy. Fearing the harsh fata suffered by Ani, Kara surrendered but was devastated nonetheless . Surmari was attacked and ravaged. Shirvan 2 fell . Thus, during the course of 1236 the Mongols 1 HAP III p. 610; J5S2HA p. 107? CAMA p. 362; Yov.YiS., PP. 909-911, #416 p. 917; #422 p. 936; KG: The suEmisaion of a few eastern Armenian princes did not bring a halt to the Mongols' conquering activity. Chormaghun took Awag and bis troops and marched againaT~Ani. First he sent envoys telling the people to surrender. "Those who were the principals of the city did not dare respond to [Chormaghun'B] message without asking prince Sahnsah, since the city was under his authority. How the mob in the city with the ramiks (rabble) killed Chormaghun'a delegation". Chormaghun battled with seige machinery and took the city, generally killing the population "sparing only a few women and children and some artisans whom they led into captivity. Then they entered the city, took all the goods and possessions, looted all the churches, ruined and destroyed the whole city and corrupted the glory of its comeliness"(KG p. 258;. In ch . 28 Kirakos describes the sack of Kara. Kara surrendered ita keys, "but because the T'at'ars were anxious for booty and feared no one, they did there the same as they had done in Ani.«. "The same army also took the city of Surb Mari [Surmalu] which several years earlier Bahnsah and Awag had taken from the Ta5iks. And while [the inhabitants] were yet licking their wounds, suddenly a certain one of the nobles named iara Bahatur came upon them with many troops and quickly took the city, ravishing all that he found in it" (KG p. 260). 2 HAP III p. 610; SJ2SA. p. 107. Ill
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This is an authorized facsimile and
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INFORMATION TO USERS This was produ
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ABSTRACT TEE TURCO-MONGOL INVASIONS
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socio-economic and political histor
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INTRODUCTION The history of Greater
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If the history of 13-l4tfa century
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In recent times a number of Armenia
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themselves. In this case, as in cha
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This study, therefore, provides inf
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ut precisely that narrow scope and
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nobility. Nonetheless, their works
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al-Athir bad little to say about Ar
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their Church . Considerably less im
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Accounts made by four 13-l4tb centu
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at the beginning and toward the end
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in the year 1241/42 (690 A.E. )„.
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Ganjakee'i's Hiatory of Armenia is
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the Diane Abaga and Berke (1266/67)
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?snakan, and to the prince of princ
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from personal acquaintance with the
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year of Step'annos' birth is not kn
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In chapter 73 of the History the au
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to Cilicia, he wrote; ...But when S
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The HNA differs from the works of o
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.that Grigor learned the meanings o
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y his student Xirakos Banaser (the
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The History of Tamerlane and His Su
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more important even than Samuel's o
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In addition to the more lengthy chr
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Colophons of the 13-l4th Centuries
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Inscriptions The late 13th century
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eastern Asia Minor further enchance
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Of the various sources considered t
Page 67 and 68: It was mentioned at the beginning o
Page 69 and 70: The major Georgian soureea, the His
Page 71 and 72: CHAPTER TWO ARMENIA AND THE TURCO-M
Page 73 and 74: earliest references to Turkish atta
Page 75 and 76: 15C000 Turkmens from the Urmiah are
Page 77 and 78: Just as the Turkish conquests of Ar
Page 79 and 80: differentiation it remains true, no
Page 81 and 82: northward (into Georgia) . The naxa
Page 83 and 84: and overwhelmingly Armenian in the
Page 85 and 86: members and these "fiefdoms" quickl
Page 87 and 88: p. The politleal, social and econom
Page 89 and 90: The establishment of Turkish politi
Page 91 and 92: them "Armenians" . However, it must
Page 93 and 94: 8 the Saljuq sultans and rulers of
Page 95 and 96: Saljuq architecture not only took a
Page 97 and 98: 9 Maakaberdelle not only commanded
Page 99 and 100: Th» great demographic, military, a
Page 101 and 102: 9 before the Georgians (HP p. 50).
Page 103 and 104: his pursuers and had, in fact, died
Page 105 and 106: 97 first penetration of the Mongols
Page 107 and 108: etrospect, this Mongol campaign, co
Page 109 and 110: different parts of the Caucasus unt
Page 111 and 112: said: 'This is not the work of man
Page 113 and 114: of Ganjak, Lori, and Tiflis in whic
Page 115 and 116: had lasted seven years. Not only di
Page 117: However, none of the enemy entered
Page 121 and 122: their base in Azarbaijan, but retur
Page 123 and 124: The defeat of the Saljuqs at K3se D
Page 125 and 126: formal taxes had been imposed on Ar
Page 127 and 128: of the Great Khan Gtiytik himself,
Page 129 and 130: king wanted to rebel with all the p
Page 131 and 132: causes of the unrest remained unadd
Page 133 and 134: Another administrative change occur
Page 135 and 136: This unruly group also caused much
Page 137 and 138: Dawit', son of Lasa, who was subjec
Page 139 and 140: During the reign of Htilegtt'a son
Page 141 and 142: their particular districts were exp
Page 143 and 144: sons and all his company of soldier
Page 145 and 146: It is a known fact that at the time
Page 147 and 148: Hie depredations in Georgia and Arm
Page 149 and 150: Among the ephemeral changes institu
Page 151 and 152: Following the death of Abu Sa'id in
Page 153 and 154: north to Khan Jani-3eg of the Golde
Page 155 and 156: eturned north via Shirvan. With the
Page 157 and 158: either the registers were extermina
Page 159 and 160: The country hardly had recovered fr
Page 161 and 162: Although the focus of this chapter
Page 163 and 164: hope for protection, or even for eq
Page 165 and 166: Toumanoff . Host important, the ess
Page 167 and 168: It is not .our purpose here (and in
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inscription (1215) of one meeatun.
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Unlike the territorial units of Ars
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165 Under the jurisdiction of atabe
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married to Vaxt'ang lord of lagen d
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The Kaxarars and the Invasions of t
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was unwilling . The Armenian and Ge
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ut at least in one instance, the po
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Mongols is recounted variously by t
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GA: "Thereafter when the wise princ
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enriched specifically after crushin
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In theory as well as in practice, t
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...How [the Khan] gave to king Davi
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MSngke: ...With Sartakh was the pio
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Some naxarara—notably those enjoy
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elc'i, HttlegU utilized Armenian me
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During the Mongol domination de-nax
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Aibula Gageli, and Sargls T'mogveli
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expendable, they usually designated
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military man XarsayiS Orbelean by A
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troops remained on alert in Mughan
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next year, Zak'are was murdered „
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The initial Mongol expedition of 12
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elements in the army learned about
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villages around Melitene/Malatya ,
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part* of the Armenian highlands, at
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itions of Nauruz (1295/96) during t
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Hat* was captured by Turkmans in 13
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and western Armenia were used almos
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dinars ae set down in the registers
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Bayburt and Sebastia/SivasJ Qara-Qo
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lands to religious establishments u
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_ Remember too that your brother, t
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come to his aid against the lurk, a
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through Naxijewan, Juia, through A*
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is Italy are not unknown. In the 14
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The sane may be true of Malak'ia's
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The Timurids forced certain princes
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in aouthweatern Armenia in the earl
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At the beginning of this chapter it
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CONCLUSION Thia study has examined
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destroy and move on had to be fough
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The nobility of the Zak'arid reviva
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..cOur own analysis justifies [Zore
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submerged by the egalitariansio of
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APPENDIX A Supplementary Hotea on t
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er hayreneac * iwroc * yawura nora)
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The emigration of Armenians to Geor
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to counter Orbelean influence by ad
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The Armenophile David III who ruled
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While the study concerns the 13-14t
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eparapet" in the sources . As Babay
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Xalbakean-Froeeani. Babayan reasona
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Patron Xawfas, son of Aair Sargis,
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1291 to 1318 a system of collegial
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Sfflbat may have had elements of an
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The birth of their son Demitre crea
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the king's action, reminiscent of E
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According to the History of K'art *
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especially those living and working
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A third source of conflict came fro
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APPENDIX C Hotea on the Relations b
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his student Kirakos, and many other
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were possessed by devils and were s
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fhe fact that Hasan, subsequently "
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impostor claimed that: ...he had be
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la my opinion, the lord mentioned a
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I. Sources Bibliography AL Aristake
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Ibn Bibi Ibn Bibi, Die Seltsohukeng
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Trans. : Collection d1historians ar
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II. Literature Abelyan, M., Erker [
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301 Sotsial 'no-akonomicheskaia i p
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Galatyan, A.G., "The Conquest of Ar
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Manandyan, H.A., Feodalizma hin Hay
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Sahnazarean, A., "Zak'arean tohmi c
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'uriyan, H.G., "Sah-i-Armenner CThe
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amir-hejub amir-spaaalar kat'oiikos
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