The Turco-Mongol Invasions and the Lords of Armenia in the 13 ...

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its imprint in the literary sources, creating a contra- diction. According to the History of K'art'li. it was to Sadun Arcrunl, not to his rival Smbat, that Xolak' and care for the Awagid holdings were entrusted . Nor does the same work dwell on the close relations between 2 the king and Smbat . Allegedly Smbat extracted a concession from king David. He convinced the king to destroy a document relat- ing to the time of the expulsion of the Orbella from Georgia (because of their involvement in the abortive rebellion of 1176/77). Whether the Armenian Orbeleans were able to reclaim the old family possessions in Georgia is unclear from the sources, though Smbat's "exceeding delight" at KC p. 236; Mur. p. 110; "At that time, Awag was dead, having left no male heir, but only a daughter named Xolak'. In tears the king went to Bjni. He saw Awag's fair wife, Gone'a, the daughter of Kaxaberije, duke (erist'ay) of Rac". He fell in love with her and after a short while, married her and made her queen. He brought her to his kingdom. As for Awag'% daughter, he left her in her patrimonial holdings and entrusted her to Sadun Mahkanaberdeli". KC p. 237; Mur. p. 109-110: "The fact that Gone'a had become queen was displeasing to the mestunre Jik'uri, since they were enemies. So on the advice of Smbat Orbell [word] was spread about that Jik'uri had sent someone to Arghun to reveal to HUlegU-Khan the [size of the] king's wealth, and hie intention to rebell". 272
the king's action, reminiscent of Ellkum's "heartfelt thanks" to Asian noyin strongly suggests that soae partial restitution was made to the Orbeleans . SO pp. 168-69: "Then the king called Smbat to Tiflis and wanted to show his gratitude to him through very great gifts. He asked Smbat: 'What great gifts shall I bestow upon you? For whatever in my kingdom you wish, whatever you find agreeable, I shall give you unsparingly*. Smbat arose and prostrated himself: 'Oh king, whatever we have is/was [given by] you and your forbears. This much is enough for us; but there is one thing I request from you'. The king responded:; 'I swear that I shall give you whatever you ask for'. Smbat said: 'Then obliterate that wigked memory of us, through which your forbear, [ing] Georgi slandered my ancestors. For he had written Ca document] with curses, such that we not be allowed into our patrimony, and he had it placed in his treasury. Give that [document] to me'. The king was astonished and despised his father for removing from his tun such powerful and capable men. And he ordered his attendants to search for and bring that document (girk*: "writing, letter, book"). They went, located it, and quickly brought it. The king took it in his hand and stood up, saying: 'Behold, Smbat, take the document you requested'. Smbat arose, prostrated himself, and replied: 'Oh king, who so forgave the past, show me [yet another] kindness. That book was written by a king's hand; it must be destroyed by a king's hand. Order that a fire be kindled before yourself, and throw that book into the flames with your own hand'. At once the king commanded that a fire be struck up. He pulled out his sword, tore out the pages, and threw them into the fire. Whereupon Smbat was exceedingly delighted and thanked him. After this, the king gave him many other magnificent gifts and robes of honor and further distinguished him and sent him home. In this manner did Smbat remove the stigma attached to his ancestors, and left a good reputation for those succeeding [him]". 273
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This is an authorized facsimile and
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INFORMATION TO USERS This was produ
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ABSTRACT TEE TURCO-MONGOL INVASIONS
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socio-economic and political histor
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INTRODUCTION The history of Greater
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If the history of 13-l4tfa century
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In recent times a number of Armenia
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themselves. In this case, as in cha
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This study, therefore, provides inf
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ut precisely that narrow scope and
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nobility. Nonetheless, their works
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al-Athir bad little to say about Ar
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their Church . Considerably less im
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Accounts made by four 13-l4tb centu
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at the beginning and toward the end
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in the year 1241/42 (690 A.E. )„.
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Ganjakee'i's Hiatory of Armenia is
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the Diane Abaga and Berke (1266/67)
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?snakan, and to the prince of princ
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from personal acquaintance with the
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year of Step'annos' birth is not kn
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In chapter 73 of the History the au
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to Cilicia, he wrote; ...But when S
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The HNA differs from the works of o
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.that Grigor learned the meanings o
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y his student Xirakos Banaser (the
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The History of Tamerlane and His Su
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more important even than Samuel's o
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In addition to the more lengthy chr
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Colophons of the 13-l4th Centuries
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Inscriptions The late 13th century
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eastern Asia Minor further enchance
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Of the various sources considered t
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It was mentioned at the beginning o
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The major Georgian soureea, the His
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CHAPTER TWO ARMENIA AND THE TURCO-M
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earliest references to Turkish atta
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15C000 Turkmens from the Urmiah are
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Just as the Turkish conquests of Ar
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differentiation it remains true, no
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northward (into Georgia) . The naxa
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and overwhelmingly Armenian in the
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members and these "fiefdoms" quickl
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p. The politleal, social and econom
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The establishment of Turkish politi
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them "Armenians" . However, it must
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8 the Saljuq sultans and rulers of
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Saljuq architecture not only took a
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9 Maakaberdelle not only commanded
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Th» great demographic, military, a
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9 before the Georgians (HP p. 50).
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his pursuers and had, in fact, died
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97 first penetration of the Mongols
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etrospect, this Mongol campaign, co
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different parts of the Caucasus unt
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said: 'This is not the work of man
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of Ganjak, Lori, and Tiflis in whic
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had lasted seven years. Not only di
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However, none of the enemy entered
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As will be aeen in the next chapter
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their base in Azarbaijan, but retur
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The defeat of the Saljuqs at K3se D
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formal taxes had been imposed on Ar
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of the Great Khan Gtiytik himself,
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king wanted to rebel with all the p
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causes of the unrest remained unadd
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Another administrative change occur
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This unruly group also caused much
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Dawit', son of Lasa, who was subjec
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During the reign of Htilegtt'a son
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their particular districts were exp
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sons and all his company of soldier
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It is a known fact that at the time
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Hie depredations in Georgia and Arm
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Among the ephemeral changes institu
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Following the death of Abu Sa'id in
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north to Khan Jani-3eg of the Golde
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eturned north via Shirvan. With the
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either the registers were extermina
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The country hardly had recovered fr
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Although the focus of this chapter
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hope for protection, or even for eq
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Toumanoff . Host important, the ess
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It is not .our purpose here (and in
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inscription (1215) of one meeatun.
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Unlike the territorial units of Ars
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165 Under the jurisdiction of atabe
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married to Vaxt'ang lord of lagen d
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The Kaxarars and the Invasions of t
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was unwilling . The Armenian and Ge
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ut at least in one instance, the po
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Mongols is recounted variously by t
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GA: "Thereafter when the wise princ
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enriched specifically after crushin
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In theory as well as in practice, t
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...How [the Khan] gave to king Davi
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MSngke: ...With Sartakh was the pio
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Some naxarara—notably those enjoy
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elc'i, HttlegU utilized Armenian me
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During the Mongol domination de-nax
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Aibula Gageli, and Sargls T'mogveli
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expendable, they usually designated
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military man XarsayiS Orbelean by A
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troops remained on alert in Mughan
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next year, Zak'are was murdered „
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The initial Mongol expedition of 12
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elements in the army learned about
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villages around Melitene/Malatya ,
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part* of the Armenian highlands, at
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itions of Nauruz (1295/96) during t
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Hat* was captured by Turkmans in 13
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and western Armenia were used almos
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dinars ae set down in the registers
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Bayburt and Sebastia/SivasJ Qara-Qo
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Page 231 and 232: _ Remember too that your brother, t
Page 233 and 234: come to his aid against the lurk, a
Page 235 and 236: through Naxijewan, Juia, through A*
Page 237 and 238: is Italy are not unknown. In the 14
Page 239 and 240: The sane may be true of Malak'ia's
Page 241 and 242: The Timurids forced certain princes
Page 243 and 244: in aouthweatern Armenia in the earl
Page 245 and 246: At the beginning of this chapter it
Page 247 and 248: CONCLUSION Thia study has examined
Page 249 and 250: destroy and move on had to be fough
Page 251 and 252: The nobility of the Zak'arid reviva
Page 253 and 254: ..cOur own analysis justifies [Zore
Page 255 and 256: submerged by the egalitariansio of
Page 257 and 258: APPENDIX A Supplementary Hotea on t
Page 259 and 260: er hayreneac * iwroc * yawura nora)
Page 261 and 262: The emigration of Armenians to Geor
Page 263 and 264: to counter Orbelean influence by ad
Page 265 and 266: The Armenophile David III who ruled
Page 267 and 268: While the study concerns the 13-14t
Page 269 and 270: eparapet" in the sources . As Babay
Page 271 and 272: Xalbakean-Froeeani. Babayan reasona
Page 273 and 274: Patron Xawfas, son of Aair Sargis,
Page 275 and 276: 1291 to 1318 a system of collegial
Page 277 and 278: Sfflbat may have had elements of an
Page 279: The birth of their son Demitre crea
Page 283 and 284: According to the History of K'art *
Page 285 and 286: especially those living and working
Page 287 and 288: A third source of conflict came fro
Page 289 and 290: APPENDIX C Hotea on the Relations b
Page 291 and 292: his student Kirakos, and many other
Page 293 and 294: were possessed by devils and were s
Page 295 and 296: fhe fact that Hasan, subsequently "
Page 297 and 298: impostor claimed that: ...he had be
Page 299 and 300: la my opinion, the lord mentioned a
Page 301 and 302: I. Sources Bibliography AL Aristake
Page 303 and 304: Ibn Bibi Ibn Bibi, Die Seltsohukeng
Page 305 and 306: Trans. : Collection d1historians ar
Page 307 and 308: II. Literature Abelyan, M., Erker [
Page 309 and 310: 301 Sotsial 'no-akonomicheskaia i p
Page 311 and 312: Galatyan, A.G., "The Conquest of Ar
Page 313 and 314: Manandyan, H.A., Feodalizma hin Hay
Page 315 and 316: Sahnazarean, A., "Zak'arean tohmi c
Page 317 and 318: 'uriyan, H.G., "Sah-i-Armenner CThe
Page 319 and 320: amir-hejub amir-spaaalar kat'oiikos
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