The Turco-Mongol Invasions and the Lords of Armenia in the 13 ...

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ieal Armenia had been subjected to sack by 1070, it must be stressed that in several remote mountain areas, small Armenian principalities continued their existence through- out the llth and 12th centuries, although encircled by inimical forces and under perpetual attack. These areas comprised districts in northern and northeastern Armenia (Gugark*, Siwnik', Arc'ax), plus southern and southwestern Armenia (parts of Vaspurakan and Mokk'.and Sasun) . Consequently, it would be incorrect to speak of "the Turkish conquest" as being fully consummated in the llth century. Some parts of Armenia never succumbed. 1 Armenian political control over much of the Armenian highlands had been reestablished during the dissolution of a powerful Arab empire beginning in the late 9th century. The Bagratid state, the most powerful of the several Armenian kingdoms which arose in the 9-10th centuries, apparently remembered well not only the legendary glory of Armenia's ancient Arsacid kingdom, but also the more recent extensive unit of Armeniya , which had been named for Armenia, its most important p§jtt Very much as the Muslim emirs of Atrpatakan/Azarbaijan attempted to control parts of eastern Armenia, basing their somewhat dubious claims on their occasional duties as tax collectors in the period of Arab supremacy, or on the more respectable claims of legitimacy through intermarriage with local naxarar houses, so the Bagratids attempted—with considerable success—to gain control of the non-Armenian parts of Arab Armeniya (see Ter-lewondyan, "Kust..." pp. 76-77). Already by the early 9th century, a branch of the Bagratid family had established itself on the Iberian throne. During the peak of Bagratid power, under king Gagik I (990-1020), that family controlled in addition to Iberia, an extensive state stretching from Baaen district in the west, to near Partaw/Barda'a in Caucasian Albania in the east, south to Hanazkert and north to Samk'or city. In addition, that kingdom had a number of vassals such as the princedoms of Xajjen, Kogovif, Bagrevand, Gardman and the emirate of Golt'n, while other areas such as the kingdoms of Vanand and Tafjir-Joraget, the Kaysite emirate and the principality of Taron were ruled by Bagratid family members and relations 66
Just as the Turkish conquests of Armenia oust be discussed with regard to a particular part of the country at a particular time, so too the groups participating should be distinguished from each other. She eminent Turcologist Claude Cahen has demonstrated that from the very outset, two elements participated in the invasions, conquests and settlement of Asia Minor . Though perhaps ethnically the same people, these two groups are disting- uishable on the basis of their subordination (or lack of it) to the Saljuq authorities. One group, which might be called the Saljuq "regular army" consisted of elements more or less obedient to the sultans and their generals. The other group, the Turkmen nomads, appears in the sources as an almost ungovernable force, Interested solely in booty. by marriage. Remaining areas of the Armenian highlands such as Yaspurakan in the south and Sivmii:' in the east were also under Armenian rule, although their relations with the Bagratids and with each other frequently were strained and hostile. Consequently, during the 10th century, despite the fact that Armenian political power was reestablished in the heart of the Armenian highlands, and that areas with sizeable and. growing non-Armenian population (such as Aljnik'/Diyarbakr) became subject to some type of Armenian suzereignty, it would be incorrect to speak of "the Armenian state" in the 10th century. There were several Armenias at the time. On the numerous independent and semi-independent Armenian states in the ll-12th centuries see; a. Lori: l.Movsesian, FHietoire des rois Kiurikian de Loti", 8SA, VII (1927) pp. 209-66; b. Siwnik': t.Alisan, Sisakan (Venice, 1893), T .X. Hakobyan, gyunik'i t'agavorut"yuna [The Kingdom of Siwnik'] (Erevan, 1966)7 c".-: Arc -ax: lOTBarrutareanc', Arc-ax (Baku, 1895), B.A. Ulubabyan, Xa$eni iixanut'yuna X-TVidarerunCThe Princedom of Xa?en Tn Tine X-XVI Centuries] TBrevan,1975); oV Vaepurakan ancTSasun: HAT ch~28 pp. 482-87, A.M. Ier-£ewondyan."Xedenekyan Areruninera YaspurakanumtThe Xedenekean Arcrunids in VaspurakanJ"and ^Sasuni T &fnikvannera TThe T'otnikeaiis of Sasun]", and V.Petoyan, "Sasuni I'ornikyan iBxanut'yuno [The T'ornikean Princedom of SasunT". Teiekaeir #2(1955T"DD. 85-96. 69
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This is an authorized facsimile and
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INFORMATION TO USERS This was produ
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ABSTRACT TEE TURCO-MONGOL INVASIONS
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socio-economic and political histor
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INTRODUCTION The history of Greater
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If the history of 13-l4tfa century
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In recent times a number of Armenia
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themselves. In this case, as in cha
Page 17 and 18:
This study, therefore, provides inf
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ut precisely that narrow scope and
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nobility. Nonetheless, their works
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al-Athir bad little to say about Ar
Page 25 and 26: their Church . Considerably less im
Page 27 and 28: Accounts made by four 13-l4tb centu
Page 29 and 30: at the beginning and toward the end
Page 31 and 32: in the year 1241/42 (690 A.E. )„.
Page 33 and 34: Ganjakee'i's Hiatory of Armenia is
Page 35 and 36: the Diane Abaga and Berke (1266/67)
Page 37 and 38: ?snakan, and to the prince of princ
Page 39 and 40: from personal acquaintance with the
Page 41 and 42: year of Step'annos' birth is not kn
Page 43 and 44: In chapter 73 of the History the au
Page 45 and 46: to Cilicia, he wrote; ...But when S
Page 47 and 48: The HNA differs from the works of o
Page 49 and 50: .that Grigor learned the meanings o
Page 51 and 52: y his student Xirakos Banaser (the
Page 53 and 54: The History of Tamerlane and His Su
Page 55 and 56: more important even than Samuel's o
Page 57 and 58: In addition to the more lengthy chr
Page 59 and 60: Colophons of the 13-l4th Centuries
Page 61 and 62: Inscriptions The late 13th century
Page 63 and 64: eastern Asia Minor further enchance
Page 65 and 66: Of the various sources considered t
Page 67 and 68: It was mentioned at the beginning o
Page 69 and 70: The major Georgian soureea, the His
Page 71 and 72: CHAPTER TWO ARMENIA AND THE TURCO-M
Page 73 and 74: earliest references to Turkish atta
Page 75: 15C000 Turkmens from the Urmiah are
Page 79 and 80: differentiation it remains true, no
Page 81 and 82: northward (into Georgia) . The naxa
Page 83 and 84: and overwhelmingly Armenian in the
Page 85 and 86: members and these "fiefdoms" quickl
Page 87 and 88: p. The politleal, social and econom
Page 89 and 90: The establishment of Turkish politi
Page 91 and 92: them "Armenians" . However, it must
Page 93 and 94: 8 the Saljuq sultans and rulers of
Page 95 and 96: Saljuq architecture not only took a
Page 97 and 98: 9 Maakaberdelle not only commanded
Page 99 and 100: Th» great demographic, military, a
Page 101 and 102: 9 before the Georgians (HP p. 50).
Page 103 and 104: his pursuers and had, in fact, died
Page 105 and 106: 97 first penetration of the Mongols
Page 107 and 108: etrospect, this Mongol campaign, co
Page 109 and 110: different parts of the Caucasus unt
Page 111 and 112: said: 'This is not the work of man
Page 113 and 114: of Ganjak, Lori, and Tiflis in whic
Page 115 and 116: had lasted seven years. Not only di
Page 117 and 118: However, none of the enemy entered
Page 119 and 120: As will be aeen in the next chapter
Page 121 and 122: their base in Azarbaijan, but retur
Page 123 and 124: The defeat of the Saljuqs at K3se D
Page 125 and 126: formal taxes had been imposed on Ar
Page 127 and 128:
of the Great Khan Gtiytik himself,
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king wanted to rebel with all the p
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causes of the unrest remained unadd
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Another administrative change occur
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This unruly group also caused much
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Dawit', son of Lasa, who was subjec
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During the reign of Htilegtt'a son
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their particular districts were exp
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sons and all his company of soldier
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It is a known fact that at the time
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Hie depredations in Georgia and Arm
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Among the ephemeral changes institu
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Following the death of Abu Sa'id in
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north to Khan Jani-3eg of the Golde
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eturned north via Shirvan. With the
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either the registers were extermina
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The country hardly had recovered fr
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Although the focus of this chapter
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hope for protection, or even for eq
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Toumanoff . Host important, the ess
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It is not .our purpose here (and in
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inscription (1215) of one meeatun.
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Unlike the territorial units of Ars
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165 Under the jurisdiction of atabe
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married to Vaxt'ang lord of lagen d
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The Kaxarars and the Invasions of t
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was unwilling . The Armenian and Ge
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ut at least in one instance, the po
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Mongols is recounted variously by t
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GA: "Thereafter when the wise princ
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enriched specifically after crushin
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In theory as well as in practice, t
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...How [the Khan] gave to king Davi
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MSngke: ...With Sartakh was the pio
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Some naxarara—notably those enjoy
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elc'i, HttlegU utilized Armenian me
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During the Mongol domination de-nax
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Aibula Gageli, and Sargls T'mogveli
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expendable, they usually designated
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military man XarsayiS Orbelean by A
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troops remained on alert in Mughan
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next year, Zak'are was murdered „
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The initial Mongol expedition of 12
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elements in the army learned about
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villages around Melitene/Malatya ,
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part* of the Armenian highlands, at
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itions of Nauruz (1295/96) during t
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Hat* was captured by Turkmans in 13
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and western Armenia were used almos
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dinars ae set down in the registers
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Bayburt and Sebastia/SivasJ Qara-Qo
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lands to religious establishments u
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_ Remember too that your brother, t
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come to his aid against the lurk, a
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through Naxijewan, Juia, through A*
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is Italy are not unknown. In the 14
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The sane may be true of Malak'ia's
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The Timurids forced certain princes
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in aouthweatern Armenia in the earl
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At the beginning of this chapter it
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CONCLUSION Thia study has examined
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destroy and move on had to be fough
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The nobility of the Zak'arid reviva
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..cOur own analysis justifies [Zore
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submerged by the egalitariansio of
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APPENDIX A Supplementary Hotea on t
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er hayreneac * iwroc * yawura nora)
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The emigration of Armenians to Geor
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to counter Orbelean influence by ad
Page 265 and 266:
The Armenophile David III who ruled
Page 267 and 268:
While the study concerns the 13-14t
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eparapet" in the sources . As Babay
Page 271 and 272:
Xalbakean-Froeeani. Babayan reasona
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Patron Xawfas, son of Aair Sargis,
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1291 to 1318 a system of collegial
Page 277 and 278:
Sfflbat may have had elements of an
Page 279 and 280:
The birth of their son Demitre crea
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the king's action, reminiscent of E
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According to the History of K'art *
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especially those living and working
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A third source of conflict came fro
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APPENDIX C Hotea on the Relations b
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his student Kirakos, and many other
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were possessed by devils and were s
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fhe fact that Hasan, subsequently "
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impostor claimed that: ...he had be
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la my opinion, the lord mentioned a
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I. Sources Bibliography AL Aristake
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Ibn Bibi Ibn Bibi, Die Seltsohukeng
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Trans. : Collection d1historians ar
Page 307 and 308:
II. Literature Abelyan, M., Erker [
Page 309 and 310:
301 Sotsial 'no-akonomicheskaia i p
Page 311 and 312:
Galatyan, A.G., "The Conquest of Ar
Page 313 and 314:
Manandyan, H.A., Feodalizma hin Hay
Page 315 and 316:
Sahnazarean, A., "Zak'arean tohmi c
Page 317 and 318:
'uriyan, H.G., "Sah-i-Armenner CThe
Page 319 and 320:
amir-hejub amir-spaaalar kat'oiikos
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