The Turco-Mongol Invasions and the Lords of Armenia in the 13 ...

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a way out: ...We came to the country of Sahensa(Sahniah) once the most powerful Georgian prince, but now tributary to the Tartars, who have destroyed all its fortified places. His father, Zacharias by name, had got this country of the Armenians, for delivering then from the hands of the Saracens. I took a meal with this Sahensa; and he showed me great politeness, as did his wife and his son called Zacharias, a very fine and prudent young man, who asked me, whether if he should come to you [the Pope], you would keep him with you; for so heavily does he bear the domination of the Tartars, that though he has abundance of all things, he would prefer to wander in foreign lands to bearing their domination. Moreover, they told me that they were sons of the Roman Church; and if the lord Pope would send them some assistance, they would themselves subject all the neighboring countries to the Church. 1. The sources contain no references to emigration of naxarare and their dependents en masse , of the sort known from earlier times. Nor may much speciflo be said about emigration in the 13th century generally, beyond the fact that it occurred (and probably was widespread), because of a lack of information. Some 13th century colophons written by clerics from Greater Armenia merely mention the fact that the authors themselves fled from the Mongols, sometimes adding the name of an occasional lord who also left. Cllicia seems to have been a favorite refuge for many Greater * Armenians, though colophons written in Armenian centers WE pp. 271-72. 228
is Italy are not unknown. In the 14th century, the Crimea became a favorite refuge for mecatun merchants, and its trading capital of Kafa also became a major center of Armenian culture . Given the inextricable connection between the Church and the State in Armenia, it should come as no surprise that the powerful families diversified their talents and wealth into both areas in the 13-14th centuries. Just as in Arsacid times, in this period also the bishop of a given district usually was the brother or other close relation of the district's secular lord. When a given regime granted the Church tax-free status or other privileges, the secular lords attempted to transfer the family holdings to the (family) Church, to avoid paying taxes, or to obtain other advantages. Each of the major naxarar families groomed certain members (sometimes selected at birth) for specific offices in the Church. Their ideal was the situation obtaining in the late 13th century in Siwnik', ruled by the secular naxarar Elikum Orbelean. The 2 metropolitan of Siwnik' was his brother, Step'annos . For example: 1233/34 col. Alilan, Hay. #318 "B", p.#57? „ 1238/39 col. Alilan, #318 "C", p.458;1239/40 col. Yov. YiS.. PP. 936-37; 1240/41 col. Yov. YiS.,pp. 941-42, to cite a few of the earlier ones. See 27 K. Eorkhmazian's ianekaia mlniatiura Kryma [Armenian Miniatures of (Ei Erevan, """ 1978 — •SO pp. 178-79. 229
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This is an authorized facsimile and
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INFORMATION TO USERS This was produ
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ABSTRACT TEE TURCO-MONGOL INVASIONS
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socio-economic and political histor
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INTRODUCTION The history of Greater
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If the history of 13-l4tfa century
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In recent times a number of Armenia
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themselves. In this case, as in cha
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This study, therefore, provides inf
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ut precisely that narrow scope and
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nobility. Nonetheless, their works
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al-Athir bad little to say about Ar
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their Church . Considerably less im
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Accounts made by four 13-l4tb centu
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at the beginning and toward the end
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in the year 1241/42 (690 A.E. )„.
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Ganjakee'i's Hiatory of Armenia is
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the Diane Abaga and Berke (1266/67)
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?snakan, and to the prince of princ
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from personal acquaintance with the
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year of Step'annos' birth is not kn
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In chapter 73 of the History the au
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to Cilicia, he wrote; ...But when S
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The HNA differs from the works of o
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.that Grigor learned the meanings o
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y his student Xirakos Banaser (the
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The History of Tamerlane and His Su
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more important even than Samuel's o
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In addition to the more lengthy chr
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Colophons of the 13-l4th Centuries
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Inscriptions The late 13th century
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eastern Asia Minor further enchance
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Of the various sources considered t
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It was mentioned at the beginning o
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The major Georgian soureea, the His
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CHAPTER TWO ARMENIA AND THE TURCO-M
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earliest references to Turkish atta
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15C000 Turkmens from the Urmiah are
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Just as the Turkish conquests of Ar
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differentiation it remains true, no
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northward (into Georgia) . The naxa
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and overwhelmingly Armenian in the
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members and these "fiefdoms" quickl
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p. The politleal, social and econom
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The establishment of Turkish politi
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them "Armenians" . However, it must
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8 the Saljuq sultans and rulers of
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Saljuq architecture not only took a
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9 Maakaberdelle not only commanded
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Th» great demographic, military, a
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9 before the Georgians (HP p. 50).
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his pursuers and had, in fact, died
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97 first penetration of the Mongols
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etrospect, this Mongol campaign, co
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different parts of the Caucasus unt
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said: 'This is not the work of man
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of Ganjak, Lori, and Tiflis in whic
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had lasted seven years. Not only di
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However, none of the enemy entered
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As will be aeen in the next chapter
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their base in Azarbaijan, but retur
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The defeat of the Saljuqs at K3se D
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formal taxes had been imposed on Ar
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of the Great Khan Gtiytik himself,
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king wanted to rebel with all the p
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causes of the unrest remained unadd
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Another administrative change occur
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This unruly group also caused much
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Dawit', son of Lasa, who was subjec
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During the reign of Htilegtt'a son
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their particular districts were exp
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sons and all his company of soldier
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It is a known fact that at the time
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Hie depredations in Georgia and Arm
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Among the ephemeral changes institu
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Following the death of Abu Sa'id in
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north to Khan Jani-3eg of the Golde
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eturned north via Shirvan. With the
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either the registers were extermina
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The country hardly had recovered fr
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Although the focus of this chapter
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hope for protection, or even for eq
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Toumanoff . Host important, the ess
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It is not .our purpose here (and in
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inscription (1215) of one meeatun.
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Unlike the territorial units of Ars
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165 Under the jurisdiction of atabe
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married to Vaxt'ang lord of lagen d
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The Kaxarars and the Invasions of t
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was unwilling . The Armenian and Ge
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ut at least in one instance, the po
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Mongols is recounted variously by t
Page 185 and 186: GA: "Thereafter when the wise princ
Page 187 and 188: enriched specifically after crushin
Page 189 and 190: In theory as well as in practice, t
Page 191 and 192: ...How [the Khan] gave to king Davi
Page 193 and 194: MSngke: ...With Sartakh was the pio
Page 195 and 196: Some naxarara—notably those enjoy
Page 197 and 198: elc'i, HttlegU utilized Armenian me
Page 199 and 200: During the Mongol domination de-nax
Page 201 and 202: Aibula Gageli, and Sargls T'mogveli
Page 203 and 204: expendable, they usually designated
Page 205 and 206: military man XarsayiS Orbelean by A
Page 207 and 208: troops remained on alert in Mughan
Page 209 and 210: next year, Zak'are was murdered „
Page 211 and 212: The initial Mongol expedition of 12
Page 213 and 214: elements in the army learned about
Page 215 and 216: villages around Melitene/Malatya ,
Page 217 and 218: part* of the Armenian highlands, at
Page 219 and 220: itions of Nauruz (1295/96) during t
Page 221 and 222: Hat* was captured by Turkmans in 13
Page 223 and 224: and western Armenia were used almos
Page 225 and 226: dinars ae set down in the registers
Page 227 and 228: Bayburt and Sebastia/SivasJ Qara-Qo
Page 229 and 230: lands to religious establishments u
Page 231 and 232: _ Remember too that your brother, t
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Page 235: through Naxijewan, Juia, through A*
Page 239 and 240: The sane may be true of Malak'ia's
Page 241 and 242: The Timurids forced certain princes
Page 243 and 244: in aouthweatern Armenia in the earl
Page 245 and 246: At the beginning of this chapter it
Page 247 and 248: CONCLUSION Thia study has examined
Page 249 and 250: destroy and move on had to be fough
Page 251 and 252: The nobility of the Zak'arid reviva
Page 253 and 254: ..cOur own analysis justifies [Zore
Page 255 and 256: submerged by the egalitariansio of
Page 257 and 258: APPENDIX A Supplementary Hotea on t
Page 259 and 260: er hayreneac * iwroc * yawura nora)
Page 261 and 262: The emigration of Armenians to Geor
Page 263 and 264: to counter Orbelean influence by ad
Page 265 and 266: The Armenophile David III who ruled
Page 267 and 268: While the study concerns the 13-14t
Page 269 and 270: eparapet" in the sources . As Babay
Page 271 and 272: Xalbakean-Froeeani. Babayan reasona
Page 273 and 274: Patron Xawfas, son of Aair Sargis,
Page 275 and 276: 1291 to 1318 a system of collegial
Page 277 and 278: Sfflbat may have had elements of an
Page 279 and 280: The birth of their son Demitre crea
Page 281 and 282: the king's action, reminiscent of E
Page 283 and 284: According to the History of K'art *
Page 285 and 286: especially those living and working
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A third source of conflict came fro
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APPENDIX C Hotea on the Relations b
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his student Kirakos, and many other
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were possessed by devils and were s
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fhe fact that Hasan, subsequently "
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impostor claimed that: ...he had be
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la my opinion, the lord mentioned a
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I. Sources Bibliography AL Aristake
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Ibn Bibi Ibn Bibi, Die Seltsohukeng
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Trans. : Collection d1historians ar
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II. Literature Abelyan, M., Erker [
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301 Sotsial 'no-akonomicheskaia i p
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Galatyan, A.G., "The Conquest of Ar
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Manandyan, H.A., Feodalizma hin Hay
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Sahnazarean, A., "Zak'arean tohmi c
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'uriyan, H.G., "Sah-i-Armenner CThe
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amir-hejub amir-spaaalar kat'oiikos
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