The Turco-Mongol Invasions and the Lords of Armenia in the 13 ...

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Jalal al-Dln's destructive actiYities in Armenia and Georgia hardly can be considered a strategy to win popular support. Jalal himself was a desperate fugitive from the Mongols. He did, however, entertain hopes of creating a state in his conquered areas, and, as Kirakos noted, he did establish an administration of sorts in Ganjak . In those areas where Muslin enclaves lived surrounded by Christian majorities—Tiflls, for example- lie was able to rely on Muslims as a base of support. Kirakos and the History a£ £'a£t'ii both etate that Jalal was able to capture Tiflie with the complicity of resident Persians who opened the city gates and regarded him as o their liberator . However areas ruled by Muslims regarded him and his uncontrollable Turkmen warriors as a danger, and allied to fight him . Jalal al-Din was not unaware of the Caucasian nobility. According to Kirakos, when he captured Hat' on the northeastern shore of Lake Tan, he married that city's figurehead ruler, Iwane's daughter T'amt'a Zak'arean4.According to the Hiatory a& K-'art'll. Jtlftl •Is* Hoped to marry the queen of Georgia, Susudan, and even urged Awag to serve as match-maker,but Susudan KG pp. 226-27. KG p. 226; KG pp. 175-77; Mur. pp. 64-65. KC p. 182; Mur. pp. 69-70. KG p. 228. '170
was unwilling . The Armenian and Georgian sources tend to combine Into one account events from the first and second Mongol invasions, of 1220/21 and of 1236. Naxarar reaction seemingly was quite similar on both occasions, and almost identical with the reaction to Jalal al-Din. Some of the Armeno-Georgian forces fought, while others deserted and took refuge in their strongholds. Dissension and rivalries among the resisting troops are reported by o the sources . Despite the numerical superiority of the Armeno-Georgian army, the Mongols were disciplined fighters. Their adversaries were not. 1 KC pp. 173-74; Mur. pp. 63-64. 2 GA pp. 292,294: "...When, the aews of the coming of the Tat'ars was learned, Iwane took the cavalry of the Georgian kingdom and came to Gag, to the grgat and wise prince Varham [Gageli], son of Flu Zak'are. Taking him with his own army, he went against the Tat'ars. The mighjy and great prince Varham took the right wing and Iwane the left ...When the battle was joined, through the influence of Satan, the enemy of Truth, Hamidawla, the lord of Hanasa stable, becau.se of some grudge, hamstrung the horse of At'abak Iwane. When the Nation of the Archers saw such oiesension amongst them, they grew stronger and attacked the Georgian cavalry, mercilessly killing them". 171
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This is an authorized facsimile and
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INFORMATION TO USERS This was produ
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ABSTRACT TEE TURCO-MONGOL INVASIONS
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socio-economic and political histor
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INTRODUCTION The history of Greater
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If the history of 13-l4tfa century
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In recent times a number of Armenia
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themselves. In this case, as in cha
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This study, therefore, provides inf
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ut precisely that narrow scope and
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nobility. Nonetheless, their works
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al-Athir bad little to say about Ar
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their Church . Considerably less im
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Accounts made by four 13-l4tb centu
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at the beginning and toward the end
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in the year 1241/42 (690 A.E. )„.
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Ganjakee'i's Hiatory of Armenia is
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the Diane Abaga and Berke (1266/67)
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?snakan, and to the prince of princ
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from personal acquaintance with the
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year of Step'annos' birth is not kn
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In chapter 73 of the History the au
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to Cilicia, he wrote; ...But when S
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The HNA differs from the works of o
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.that Grigor learned the meanings o
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y his student Xirakos Banaser (the
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The History of Tamerlane and His Su
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more important even than Samuel's o
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In addition to the more lengthy chr
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Colophons of the 13-l4th Centuries
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Inscriptions The late 13th century
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eastern Asia Minor further enchance
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Of the various sources considered t
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It was mentioned at the beginning o
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The major Georgian soureea, the His
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CHAPTER TWO ARMENIA AND THE TURCO-M
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earliest references to Turkish atta
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15C000 Turkmens from the Urmiah are
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Just as the Turkish conquests of Ar
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differentiation it remains true, no
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northward (into Georgia) . The naxa
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and overwhelmingly Armenian in the
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members and these "fiefdoms" quickl
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p. The politleal, social and econom
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The establishment of Turkish politi
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them "Armenians" . However, it must
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8 the Saljuq sultans and rulers of
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Saljuq architecture not only took a
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9 Maakaberdelle not only commanded
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Th» great demographic, military, a
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9 before the Georgians (HP p. 50).
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his pursuers and had, in fact, died
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97 first penetration of the Mongols
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etrospect, this Mongol campaign, co
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different parts of the Caucasus unt
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said: 'This is not the work of man
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of Ganjak, Lori, and Tiflis in whic
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had lasted seven years. Not only di
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However, none of the enemy entered
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As will be aeen in the next chapter
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their base in Azarbaijan, but retur
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The defeat of the Saljuqs at K3se D
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formal taxes had been imposed on Ar
Page 127 and 128: of the Great Khan Gtiytik himself,
Page 129 and 130: king wanted to rebel with all the p
Page 131 and 132: causes of the unrest remained unadd
Page 133 and 134: Another administrative change occur
Page 135 and 136: This unruly group also caused much
Page 137 and 138: Dawit', son of Lasa, who was subjec
Page 139 and 140: During the reign of Htilegtt'a son
Page 141 and 142: their particular districts were exp
Page 143 and 144: sons and all his company of soldier
Page 145 and 146: It is a known fact that at the time
Page 147 and 148: Hie depredations in Georgia and Arm
Page 149 and 150: Among the ephemeral changes institu
Page 151 and 152: Following the death of Abu Sa'id in
Page 153 and 154: north to Khan Jani-3eg of the Golde
Page 155 and 156: eturned north via Shirvan. With the
Page 157 and 158: either the registers were extermina
Page 159 and 160: The country hardly had recovered fr
Page 161 and 162: Although the focus of this chapter
Page 163 and 164: hope for protection, or even for eq
Page 165 and 166: Toumanoff . Host important, the ess
Page 167 and 168: It is not .our purpose here (and in
Page 169 and 170: inscription (1215) of one meeatun.
Page 171 and 172: Unlike the territorial units of Ars
Page 173 and 174: 165 Under the jurisdiction of atabe
Page 175 and 176: married to Vaxt'ang lord of lagen d
Page 177: The Kaxarars and the Invasions of t
Page 181 and 182: ut at least in one instance, the po
Page 183 and 184: Mongols is recounted variously by t
Page 185 and 186: GA: "Thereafter when the wise princ
Page 187 and 188: enriched specifically after crushin
Page 189 and 190: In theory as well as in practice, t
Page 191 and 192: ...How [the Khan] gave to king Davi
Page 193 and 194: MSngke: ...With Sartakh was the pio
Page 195 and 196: Some naxarara—notably those enjoy
Page 197 and 198: elc'i, HttlegU utilized Armenian me
Page 199 and 200: During the Mongol domination de-nax
Page 201 and 202: Aibula Gageli, and Sargls T'mogveli
Page 203 and 204: expendable, they usually designated
Page 205 and 206: military man XarsayiS Orbelean by A
Page 207 and 208: troops remained on alert in Mughan
Page 209 and 210: next year, Zak'are was murdered „
Page 211 and 212: The initial Mongol expedition of 12
Page 213 and 214: elements in the army learned about
Page 215 and 216: villages around Melitene/Malatya ,
Page 217 and 218: part* of the Armenian highlands, at
Page 219 and 220: itions of Nauruz (1295/96) during t
Page 221 and 222: Hat* was captured by Turkmans in 13
Page 223 and 224: and western Armenia were used almos
Page 225 and 226: dinars ae set down in the registers
Page 227 and 228: Bayburt and Sebastia/SivasJ Qara-Qo
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lands to religious establishments u
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_ Remember too that your brother, t
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come to his aid against the lurk, a
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through Naxijewan, Juia, through A*
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is Italy are not unknown. In the 14
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The sane may be true of Malak'ia's
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The Timurids forced certain princes
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in aouthweatern Armenia in the earl
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At the beginning of this chapter it
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CONCLUSION Thia study has examined
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destroy and move on had to be fough
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The nobility of the Zak'arid reviva
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..cOur own analysis justifies [Zore
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submerged by the egalitariansio of
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APPENDIX A Supplementary Hotea on t
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er hayreneac * iwroc * yawura nora)
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The emigration of Armenians to Geor
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to counter Orbelean influence by ad
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The Armenophile David III who ruled
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While the study concerns the 13-14t
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eparapet" in the sources . As Babay
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Xalbakean-Froeeani. Babayan reasona
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Patron Xawfas, son of Aair Sargis,
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1291 to 1318 a system of collegial
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Sfflbat may have had elements of an
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The birth of their son Demitre crea
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the king's action, reminiscent of E
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According to the History of K'art *
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especially those living and working
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A third source of conflict came fro
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APPENDIX C Hotea on the Relations b
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his student Kirakos, and many other
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were possessed by devils and were s
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fhe fact that Hasan, subsequently "
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impostor claimed that: ...he had be
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la my opinion, the lord mentioned a
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I. Sources Bibliography AL Aristake
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Ibn Bibi Ibn Bibi, Die Seltsohukeng
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Trans. : Collection d1historians ar
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II. Literature Abelyan, M., Erker [
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301 Sotsial 'no-akonomicheskaia i p
Page 311 and 312:
Galatyan, A.G., "The Conquest of Ar
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Manandyan, H.A., Feodalizma hin Hay
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Sahnazarean, A., "Zak'arean tohmi c
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'uriyan, H.G., "Sah-i-Armenner CThe
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amir-hejub amir-spaaalar kat'oiikos
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