The Turco-Mongol Invasions and the Lords of Armenia in the 13 ...

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dialectal forms and much foreign terminology . The humble origins of the copyists also led them to relate mundane details—so valuable for the historian— often ignored by churchmen such as Kirakos, Vardan and Step'annos. The great importance of colophons was appreciated already in the 13th century by Step'annos Orbelean who made use of them in his History. The 17th century author Arak'el DavriSec'i, the 18th century Mxit'arist M.Cam?can, and the 19th century lewond AllSan made prodigious use of colophons in their works. In the 20th century a number of studies on feudal families by Garegin Yovsep'- ean were based almost exclusively on colophons. In no case, however, did any of the above authors have the full corpus of colophons at his disposal. During the 19th and 20th centuries numerous additional collections of colophons 2 have been published . 1 For a discussion of, ani bibliography on, colophons in English, see A.K. Sanjian, Colophons of Armenian Manuscripts 1301-1480 (Cambridge, Mass., 1969), "Preface" pp. vii-xv, and "Introduction" pp. 1-41, passim. See note 2 below on Sanjian's workjalso H.S. Anasyan. Haykakan Matenagitut'yun [Armenian Bibliography] vol. I (Erevan, 1959) Ixxvii-xcii. 2 The first large collection of colophons (covering the period c. 887-1596) was made by the 19th century scholar iewond P'irlalemean. The original draft of this collection, of which only a small part has been published, is housed at the Matenadaran in Erevan.[$atenadaran Archives #4515, 6273, 6332. Iewond P'irlalemean, Notark' hayoc*(Const., 188K) includes only the period 1393-146TJ. Bishop Garegin 52
Inscriptions The late 13th century archbishop of Siwnik*, Step'annos Orbelean, perhaps the first to utilize Sruanjteanc' also collected and published colophons from more than 350 manuscripts [Garegin Sruanjteanc' T'pros Albar: Hayastani Cambord (Brother T'oroa. Traveller "of Armenia) 2 vols. (Const.., 1879-85); Sanjian, p. 53. TEe collections of F irlalemean and Sruanjteanc assume even greater significance when it is recalled that many of the manuscripts from which these colophons were collected in western Armenia were destroyed during and after World War I. The next major compilation of colophons was published by Yakobos Taiean in the 1890's and embraced manuscripts found at the Imperial Library and the Mxit'arist library in Vienna [Yakobos Tasean, .C'uc'ak hayeren jeragrac' kayserakan matenadaranin i Vienna T^ataiogue of Armenian i
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This is an authorized facsimile and
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INFORMATION TO USERS This was produ
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ABSTRACT TEE TURCO-MONGOL INVASIONS
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socio-economic and political histor
Page 9 and 10: INTRODUCTION The history of Greater
Page 11 and 12: If the history of 13-l4tfa century
Page 13 and 14: In recent times a number of Armenia
Page 15 and 16: themselves. In this case, as in cha
Page 17 and 18: This study, therefore, provides inf
Page 19 and 20: ut precisely that narrow scope and
Page 21 and 22: nobility. Nonetheless, their works
Page 23 and 24: al-Athir bad little to say about Ar
Page 25 and 26: their Church . Considerably less im
Page 27 and 28: Accounts made by four 13-l4tb centu
Page 29 and 30: at the beginning and toward the end
Page 31 and 32: in the year 1241/42 (690 A.E. )„.
Page 33 and 34: Ganjakee'i's Hiatory of Armenia is
Page 35 and 36: the Diane Abaga and Berke (1266/67)
Page 37 and 38: ?snakan, and to the prince of princ
Page 39 and 40: from personal acquaintance with the
Page 41 and 42: year of Step'annos' birth is not kn
Page 43 and 44: In chapter 73 of the History the au
Page 45 and 46: to Cilicia, he wrote; ...But when S
Page 47 and 48: The HNA differs from the works of o
Page 49 and 50: .that Grigor learned the meanings o
Page 51 and 52: y his student Xirakos Banaser (the
Page 53 and 54: The History of Tamerlane and His Su
Page 55 and 56: more important even than Samuel's o
Page 57 and 58: In addition to the more lengthy chr
Page 59: Colophons of the 13-l4th Centuries
Page 63 and 64: eastern Asia Minor further enchance
Page 65 and 66: Of the various sources considered t
Page 67 and 68: It was mentioned at the beginning o
Page 69 and 70: The major Georgian soureea, the His
Page 71 and 72: CHAPTER TWO ARMENIA AND THE TURCO-M
Page 73 and 74: earliest references to Turkish atta
Page 75 and 76: 15C000 Turkmens from the Urmiah are
Page 77 and 78: Just as the Turkish conquests of Ar
Page 79 and 80: differentiation it remains true, no
Page 81 and 82: northward (into Georgia) . The naxa
Page 83 and 84: and overwhelmingly Armenian in the
Page 85 and 86: members and these "fiefdoms" quickl
Page 87 and 88: p. The politleal, social and econom
Page 89 and 90: The establishment of Turkish politi
Page 91 and 92: them "Armenians" . However, it must
Page 93 and 94: 8 the Saljuq sultans and rulers of
Page 95 and 96: Saljuq architecture not only took a
Page 97 and 98: 9 Maakaberdelle not only commanded
Page 99 and 100: Th» great demographic, military, a
Page 101 and 102: 9 before the Georgians (HP p. 50).
Page 103 and 104: his pursuers and had, in fact, died
Page 105 and 106: 97 first penetration of the Mongols
Page 107 and 108: etrospect, this Mongol campaign, co
Page 109 and 110: different parts of the Caucasus unt
Page 111 and 112:
said: 'This is not the work of man
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of Ganjak, Lori, and Tiflis in whic
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had lasted seven years. Not only di
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However, none of the enemy entered
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As will be aeen in the next chapter
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their base in Azarbaijan, but retur
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The defeat of the Saljuqs at K3se D
Page 125 and 126:
formal taxes had been imposed on Ar
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of the Great Khan Gtiytik himself,
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king wanted to rebel with all the p
Page 131 and 132:
causes of the unrest remained unadd
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Another administrative change occur
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This unruly group also caused much
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Dawit', son of Lasa, who was subjec
Page 139 and 140:
During the reign of Htilegtt'a son
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their particular districts were exp
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sons and all his company of soldier
Page 145 and 146:
It is a known fact that at the time
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Hie depredations in Georgia and Arm
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Among the ephemeral changes institu
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Following the death of Abu Sa'id in
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north to Khan Jani-3eg of the Golde
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eturned north via Shirvan. With the
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either the registers were extermina
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The country hardly had recovered fr
Page 161 and 162:
Although the focus of this chapter
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hope for protection, or even for eq
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Toumanoff . Host important, the ess
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It is not .our purpose here (and in
Page 169 and 170:
inscription (1215) of one meeatun.
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Unlike the territorial units of Ars
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165 Under the jurisdiction of atabe
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married to Vaxt'ang lord of lagen d
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The Kaxarars and the Invasions of t
Page 179 and 180:
was unwilling . The Armenian and Ge
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ut at least in one instance, the po
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Mongols is recounted variously by t
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GA: "Thereafter when the wise princ
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enriched specifically after crushin
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In theory as well as in practice, t
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...How [the Khan] gave to king Davi
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MSngke: ...With Sartakh was the pio
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Some naxarara—notably those enjoy
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elc'i, HttlegU utilized Armenian me
Page 199 and 200:
During the Mongol domination de-nax
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Aibula Gageli, and Sargls T'mogveli
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expendable, they usually designated
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military man XarsayiS Orbelean by A
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troops remained on alert in Mughan
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next year, Zak'are was murdered „
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The initial Mongol expedition of 12
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elements in the army learned about
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villages around Melitene/Malatya ,
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part* of the Armenian highlands, at
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itions of Nauruz (1295/96) during t
Page 221 and 222:
Hat* was captured by Turkmans in 13
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and western Armenia were used almos
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dinars ae set down in the registers
Page 227 and 228:
Bayburt and Sebastia/SivasJ Qara-Qo
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lands to religious establishments u
Page 231 and 232:
_ Remember too that your brother, t
Page 233 and 234:
come to his aid against the lurk, a
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through Naxijewan, Juia, through A*
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is Italy are not unknown. In the 14
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The sane may be true of Malak'ia's
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The Timurids forced certain princes
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in aouthweatern Armenia in the earl
Page 245 and 246:
At the beginning of this chapter it
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CONCLUSION Thia study has examined
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destroy and move on had to be fough
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The nobility of the Zak'arid reviva
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..cOur own analysis justifies [Zore
Page 255 and 256:
submerged by the egalitariansio of
Page 257 and 258:
APPENDIX A Supplementary Hotea on t
Page 259 and 260:
er hayreneac * iwroc * yawura nora)
Page 261 and 262:
The emigration of Armenians to Geor
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to counter Orbelean influence by ad
Page 265 and 266:
The Armenophile David III who ruled
Page 267 and 268:
While the study concerns the 13-14t
Page 269 and 270:
eparapet" in the sources . As Babay
Page 271 and 272:
Xalbakean-Froeeani. Babayan reasona
Page 273 and 274:
Patron Xawfas, son of Aair Sargis,
Page 275 and 276:
1291 to 1318 a system of collegial
Page 277 and 278:
Sfflbat may have had elements of an
Page 279 and 280:
The birth of their son Demitre crea
Page 281 and 282:
the king's action, reminiscent of E
Page 283 and 284:
According to the History of K'art *
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especially those living and working
Page 287 and 288:
A third source of conflict came fro
Page 289 and 290:
APPENDIX C Hotea on the Relations b
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his student Kirakos, and many other
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were possessed by devils and were s
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fhe fact that Hasan, subsequently "
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impostor claimed that: ...he had be
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la my opinion, the lord mentioned a
Page 301 and 302:
I. Sources Bibliography AL Aristake
Page 303 and 304:
Ibn Bibi Ibn Bibi, Die Seltsohukeng
Page 305 and 306:
Trans. : Collection d1historians ar
Page 307 and 308:
II. Literature Abelyan, M., Erker [
Page 309 and 310:
301 Sotsial 'no-akonomicheskaia i p
Page 311 and 312:
Galatyan, A.G., "The Conquest of Ar
Page 313 and 314:
Manandyan, H.A., Feodalizma hin Hay
Page 315 and 316:
Sahnazarean, A., "Zak'arean tohmi c
Page 317 and 318:
'uriyan, H.G., "Sah-i-Armenner CThe
Page 319 and 320:
amir-hejub amir-spaaalar kat'oiikos
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