The Turco-Mongol Invasions and the Lords of Armenia in the 13 ...

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APPENDIX B Aapecta £f Centrifugaliam within and aaong Certain 13- Century Raxarardoma The 13th and 14th centuries were characterised by eonfllcta within and among certain Caucasian naxarardoas. In some cases these conflicts pertained to families (£•£•» *&e s«orgian Bagratids, the Zak'arean/Mzargrcells, the Kaxaberijea of BaSa, the Orbelean/Orbelia, the Aroroni/ Mahkanaberdelis, the Jaq.ella), in other cases, to the "naxarardoma" of the Church(ea). The conflict within the Georgian royal family was extremely serious and must be mentioned not only as an example of centrlfugalism at the very pinnacle of authority in Christian Caucasia, but also becauae of ita deviaive ramifications. On his deathbed, king Giorgi laaa Bagratuni (d. 1223) was promised by his aiater Ruaudan that Giorgi's child son DaTid Lasaean would receive the throne on his maturity. Busudan (d. oa. 1245) then became "king* of Georgia. Rather than honoring the pledge made to her late brother, Busudan instead banished and imprisoned David Lalaean and enthroned her own son (also named DaTid). While co-optation of the heir hardly was a new feature in Georgia, ita almost inevitable result was the polarisation of the nobility into two hoatile camps. Eventually the authority of the "usurper* David Busudanean was challenged by the matured embittered David Laiaean. Between 1250 and 1258, Georgia thus had two kings simultaneously. Ihe line of David Laaaean occupied the throne in Tiflia until 1289, but from 266
1291 to 1318 a system of collegial sovereignty existed in Georgia whereby Lalaean Icings were forced to share the realm with co-kings—their very sons, or candidates from the rival line of David Rusudanean . Hostile relations among prominent families had at their base disputes over land. From the order of Kirakos Ganjakec'i's narration, one might (incorrectly) assume that the amirspaaalar Awag Zak'arean was ther first Armenian prince to surrender to the Mongols (1236) and consequently his holdings were not disturbed by the conquerors2. However, Kirakos1 junior contemporary, Step'annos Orbelean, placed the submission of Elikum Orbelean before that of Awag-5, and the point is revealing and crucial. For the Armenian Orbeleans, prior to the C. Toumanoff, "The Fifteenth Century Bagratids and the Institution of Collegial Sovereignty in Georgia", Traditio VJI (1949-51) pp. 204-5, 210. KG pp. 255-56. SO pp. 149-50: "...Taking [Elikum] as a guide [the Mongols' commander Aslan-noyin ] went as far as Ani, subduing everyone. He took Vayoc' Jor and Elegia as far as Ereror village which stands opposite Garni, and gave it all to Elikum, saying: •That which was taken by the sword and that which was bought with gold are equally the patrimony of man. How these districts which I have taken with my sword shall be yours as patrimony and the patrimony of your line. £° you now faithfully look upon us and serve the Great Khan who sent us here*. And Elikum with great heartfelt thanks served them. From that day forth it was confirmed that those [lands] would be the patrimony of the Orbelean tun(House) and line. Now other commanders subordinated other lands and broufo* out of Kayen fortress, Awaf. They took the
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This is an authorized facsimile and
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INFORMATION TO USERS This was produ
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ABSTRACT TEE TURCO-MONGOL INVASIONS
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socio-economic and political histor
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INTRODUCTION The history of Greater
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If the history of 13-l4tfa century
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In recent times a number of Armenia
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themselves. In this case, as in cha
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This study, therefore, provides inf
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ut precisely that narrow scope and
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nobility. Nonetheless, their works
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al-Athir bad little to say about Ar
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their Church . Considerably less im
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Accounts made by four 13-l4tb centu
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at the beginning and toward the end
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in the year 1241/42 (690 A.E. )„.
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Ganjakee'i's Hiatory of Armenia is
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the Diane Abaga and Berke (1266/67)
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?snakan, and to the prince of princ
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from personal acquaintance with the
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year of Step'annos' birth is not kn
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In chapter 73 of the History the au
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to Cilicia, he wrote; ...But when S
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The HNA differs from the works of o
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.that Grigor learned the meanings o
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y his student Xirakos Banaser (the
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The History of Tamerlane and His Su
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more important even than Samuel's o
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In addition to the more lengthy chr
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Colophons of the 13-l4th Centuries
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Inscriptions The late 13th century
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eastern Asia Minor further enchance
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Of the various sources considered t
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It was mentioned at the beginning o
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The major Georgian soureea, the His
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CHAPTER TWO ARMENIA AND THE TURCO-M
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earliest references to Turkish atta
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15C000 Turkmens from the Urmiah are
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Just as the Turkish conquests of Ar
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differentiation it remains true, no
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northward (into Georgia) . The naxa
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and overwhelmingly Armenian in the
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members and these "fiefdoms" quickl
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p. The politleal, social and econom
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The establishment of Turkish politi
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them "Armenians" . However, it must
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8 the Saljuq sultans and rulers of
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Saljuq architecture not only took a
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9 Maakaberdelle not only commanded
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Th» great demographic, military, a
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9 before the Georgians (HP p. 50).
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his pursuers and had, in fact, died
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97 first penetration of the Mongols
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etrospect, this Mongol campaign, co
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different parts of the Caucasus unt
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said: 'This is not the work of man
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of Ganjak, Lori, and Tiflis in whic
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had lasted seven years. Not only di
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However, none of the enemy entered
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As will be aeen in the next chapter
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their base in Azarbaijan, but retur
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The defeat of the Saljuqs at K3se D
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formal taxes had been imposed on Ar
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of the Great Khan Gtiytik himself,
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king wanted to rebel with all the p
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causes of the unrest remained unadd
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Another administrative change occur
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This unruly group also caused much
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Dawit', son of Lasa, who was subjec
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During the reign of Htilegtt'a son
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their particular districts were exp
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sons and all his company of soldier
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It is a known fact that at the time
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Hie depredations in Georgia and Arm
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Among the ephemeral changes institu
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Following the death of Abu Sa'id in
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north to Khan Jani-3eg of the Golde
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eturned north via Shirvan. With the
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either the registers were extermina
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The country hardly had recovered fr
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Although the focus of this chapter
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hope for protection, or even for eq
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Toumanoff . Host important, the ess
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It is not .our purpose here (and in
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inscription (1215) of one meeatun.
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Unlike the territorial units of Ars
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165 Under the jurisdiction of atabe
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married to Vaxt'ang lord of lagen d
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The Kaxarars and the Invasions of t
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was unwilling . The Armenian and Ge
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ut at least in one instance, the po
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Mongols is recounted variously by t
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GA: "Thereafter when the wise princ
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enriched specifically after crushin
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In theory as well as in practice, t
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...How [the Khan] gave to king Davi
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MSngke: ...With Sartakh was the pio
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Some naxarara—notably those enjoy
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elc'i, HttlegU utilized Armenian me
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During the Mongol domination de-nax
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Aibula Gageli, and Sargls T'mogveli
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expendable, they usually designated
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military man XarsayiS Orbelean by A
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troops remained on alert in Mughan
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next year, Zak'are was murdered „
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The initial Mongol expedition of 12
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elements in the army learned about
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villages around Melitene/Malatya ,
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part* of the Armenian highlands, at
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itions of Nauruz (1295/96) during t
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Hat* was captured by Turkmans in 13
Page 223 and 224: and western Armenia were used almos
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Page 227 and 228: Bayburt and Sebastia/SivasJ Qara-Qo
Page 229 and 230: lands to religious establishments u
Page 231 and 232: _ Remember too that your brother, t
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Page 235 and 236: through Naxijewan, Juia, through A*
Page 237 and 238: is Italy are not unknown. In the 14
Page 239 and 240: The sane may be true of Malak'ia's
Page 241 and 242: The Timurids forced certain princes
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Page 245 and 246: At the beginning of this chapter it
Page 247 and 248: CONCLUSION Thia study has examined
Page 249 and 250: destroy and move on had to be fough
Page 251 and 252: The nobility of the Zak'arid reviva
Page 253 and 254: ..cOur own analysis justifies [Zore
Page 255 and 256: submerged by the egalitariansio of
Page 257 and 258: APPENDIX A Supplementary Hotea on t
Page 259 and 260: er hayreneac * iwroc * yawura nora)
Page 261 and 262: The emigration of Armenians to Geor
Page 263 and 264: to counter Orbelean influence by ad
Page 265 and 266: The Armenophile David III who ruled
Page 267 and 268: While the study concerns the 13-14t
Page 269 and 270: eparapet" in the sources . As Babay
Page 271 and 272: Xalbakean-Froeeani. Babayan reasona
Page 273: Patron Xawfas, son of Aair Sargis,
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Page 279 and 280: The birth of their son Demitre crea
Page 281 and 282: the king's action, reminiscent of E
Page 283 and 284: According to the History of K'art *
Page 285 and 286: especially those living and working
Page 287 and 288: A third source of conflict came fro
Page 289 and 290: APPENDIX C Hotea on the Relations b
Page 291 and 292: his student Kirakos, and many other
Page 293 and 294: were possessed by devils and were s
Page 295 and 296: fhe fact that Hasan, subsequently "
Page 297 and 298: impostor claimed that: ...he had be
Page 299 and 300: la my opinion, the lord mentioned a
Page 301 and 302: I. Sources Bibliography AL Aristake
Page 303 and 304: Ibn Bibi Ibn Bibi, Die Seltsohukeng
Page 305 and 306: Trans. : Collection d1historians ar
Page 307 and 308: II. Literature Abelyan, M., Erker [
Page 309 and 310: 301 Sotsial 'no-akonomicheskaia i p
Page 311 and 312: Galatyan, A.G., "The Conquest of Ar
Page 313 and 314: Manandyan, H.A., Feodalizma hin Hay
Page 315 and 316: Sahnazarean, A., "Zak'arean tohmi c
Page 317 and 318: 'uriyan, H.G., "Sah-i-Armenner CThe
Page 319 and 320: amir-hejub amir-spaaalar kat'oiikos
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