The Turco-Mongol Invasions and the Lords of Armenia in the 13 ...

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insatiable appetite for plunder of the Mongol nonad warriors could net be assuaged in successful wars against foreign enemies, it could at least be unleashed upon a new class of domestic enemies—the Christians. In Caucaeia the "instrument of the anti-Christ" was a Persian Muslim named :.auruz, whose fanaticism neems to hpve been es much 138 for the aaaasing of a personal fortune as for the promulgation of Islan temporarily, according to BK p. 506. Anti-Christian persecutions had occurred prior to Ghazan's reign, in 1286 in Mosul (3K p. -*e2). See Armenian Neo-Tiartyra, bishop Grigor Karnec'i (d. 1321/22) pp. 121-22. 1 Step'annos has recorded that Nauruz received Ghazan's permission to extirpate Christianity: "Within our borders, they robbed the churches of Naxi3«wan, enslaved and tormented the priests; and they hauled off the doors of the chapela and demolished the altars. However, the great chieftains did no* silow thcsa churches to fcs pulled down which were inspected by the Georgian troops. They also cane to the [religious] seat of Siwnik* and wanted to yull down arsK "but through bribes and violence we did not let They looted the monasteries in the district of .wan, but 4-fte 3*j!«r Arnenlati lands on the other side of thr Afrax rlvfci were Isrt alons, thank God" (SO y. 221). SO then diacribes how the Syrian Cutholicoa was termed by ihe Mongols. Kin« Het'uo of Cilicia, enroute to Baidu was at the Syrian Cathollcoaate at the tima. "They seized the bishcp of Ajcct-lea1 [church! Icrd Tirac'u and vilified hia by various ir.df.j3
Hie depredations in Georgia and Armenia provoked yet another rebellion which, like the two preceding ones, was crushed at the expense of extreme suffering to people, livestock, crops and property . Religious persecution intensified during the second part of the reign of Ghazan*s successor, his brother Muhammad Khuda-Banda ("servant of God", 1304-16). In 1307 Khuda-Banda, or Zarabanda ("servant of an ass") as the Armenian sources styled him, resumed collection of the jizya or head-tax on non-Muslims, something Ghazan had tried but was obliged 2 to discontinue . The sources report that even month-old children were registered for payment of the Jizya3. Furthermore, Christians were now required to wear identifying patches of blue or black material on their clothing *. 1 HAP III p. 637? Rashid III p. 171; SO pp. 224-25. 2 SKP p. 533; HAP III pp. 640-41; 14CC #55 p. 41. Alisan, Hayapatua. p. 526; 14CC p. 104. 4 SA p. 165 and BH p. 507 state that already in Ghazan'3 day this practise was adopted and included the Jews, who never had been a protected people under the Mongols. SA p. 168; 14CC #178 p. 138. #61 p. 46, #62 p. 47, #89 P. 66, #125 P. 92, #130 p. 96, #135 PP. 101-102. "...In this year [1318/19] the entire Christ-glorifying flock was troubled by the breath of larabandalul, Khan of the Nation of the Archers. Inspired by Satan, he orcTered that taxes be collected from all Christians because of their faith in Christ, and he ordered that a blue mark/badge be sewn on the shoulders of Believers* Beyond this, they took taxes from clerics, without the Khan's order. Then the thrice-blessed, holy patriarch ZaTc'aria went after the Khan as far as Babylon [and remained] one whole year..He received from him a yarligh(arlrex) freeing the clerics 139
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This is an authorized facsimile and
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INFORMATION TO USERS This was produ
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ABSTRACT TEE TURCO-MONGOL INVASIONS
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socio-economic and political histor
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INTRODUCTION The history of Greater
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If the history of 13-l4tfa century
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In recent times a number of Armenia
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themselves. In this case, as in cha
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This study, therefore, provides inf
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ut precisely that narrow scope and
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nobility. Nonetheless, their works
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al-Athir bad little to say about Ar
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their Church . Considerably less im
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Accounts made by four 13-l4tb centu
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at the beginning and toward the end
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in the year 1241/42 (690 A.E. )„.
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Ganjakee'i's Hiatory of Armenia is
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the Diane Abaga and Berke (1266/67)
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?snakan, and to the prince of princ
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from personal acquaintance with the
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year of Step'annos' birth is not kn
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In chapter 73 of the History the au
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to Cilicia, he wrote; ...But when S
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The HNA differs from the works of o
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.that Grigor learned the meanings o
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y his student Xirakos Banaser (the
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The History of Tamerlane and His Su
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more important even than Samuel's o
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In addition to the more lengthy chr
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Colophons of the 13-l4th Centuries
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Inscriptions The late 13th century
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eastern Asia Minor further enchance
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Of the various sources considered t
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It was mentioned at the beginning o
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The major Georgian soureea, the His
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CHAPTER TWO ARMENIA AND THE TURCO-M
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earliest references to Turkish atta
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15C000 Turkmens from the Urmiah are
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Just as the Turkish conquests of Ar
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differentiation it remains true, no
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northward (into Georgia) . The naxa
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and overwhelmingly Armenian in the
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members and these "fiefdoms" quickl
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p. The politleal, social and econom
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The establishment of Turkish politi
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them "Armenians" . However, it must
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8 the Saljuq sultans and rulers of
Page 95 and 96: Saljuq architecture not only took a
Page 97 and 98: 9 Maakaberdelle not only commanded
Page 99 and 100: Th» great demographic, military, a
Page 101 and 102: 9 before the Georgians (HP p. 50).
Page 103 and 104: his pursuers and had, in fact, died
Page 105 and 106: 97 first penetration of the Mongols
Page 107 and 108: etrospect, this Mongol campaign, co
Page 109 and 110: different parts of the Caucasus unt
Page 111 and 112: said: 'This is not the work of man
Page 113 and 114: of Ganjak, Lori, and Tiflis in whic
Page 115 and 116: had lasted seven years. Not only di
Page 117 and 118: However, none of the enemy entered
Page 119 and 120: As will be aeen in the next chapter
Page 121 and 122: their base in Azarbaijan, but retur
Page 123 and 124: The defeat of the Saljuqs at K3se D
Page 125 and 126: formal taxes had been imposed on Ar
Page 127 and 128: of the Great Khan Gtiytik himself,
Page 129 and 130: king wanted to rebel with all the p
Page 131 and 132: causes of the unrest remained unadd
Page 133 and 134: Another administrative change occur
Page 135 and 136: This unruly group also caused much
Page 137 and 138: Dawit', son of Lasa, who was subjec
Page 139 and 140: During the reign of Htilegtt'a son
Page 141 and 142: their particular districts were exp
Page 143 and 144: sons and all his company of soldier
Page 145: It is a known fact that at the time
Page 149 and 150: Among the ephemeral changes institu
Page 151 and 152: Following the death of Abu Sa'id in
Page 153 and 154: north to Khan Jani-3eg of the Golde
Page 155 and 156: eturned north via Shirvan. With the
Page 157 and 158: either the registers were extermina
Page 159 and 160: The country hardly had recovered fr
Page 161 and 162: Although the focus of this chapter
Page 163 and 164: hope for protection, or even for eq
Page 165 and 166: Toumanoff . Host important, the ess
Page 167 and 168: It is not .our purpose here (and in
Page 169 and 170: inscription (1215) of one meeatun.
Page 171 and 172: Unlike the territorial units of Ars
Page 173 and 174: 165 Under the jurisdiction of atabe
Page 175 and 176: married to Vaxt'ang lord of lagen d
Page 177 and 178: The Kaxarars and the Invasions of t
Page 179 and 180: was unwilling . The Armenian and Ge
Page 181 and 182: ut at least in one instance, the po
Page 183 and 184: Mongols is recounted variously by t
Page 185 and 186: GA: "Thereafter when the wise princ
Page 187 and 188: enriched specifically after crushin
Page 189 and 190: In theory as well as in practice, t
Page 191 and 192: ...How [the Khan] gave to king Davi
Page 193 and 194: MSngke: ...With Sartakh was the pio
Page 195 and 196: Some naxarara—notably those enjoy
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elc'i, HttlegU utilized Armenian me
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During the Mongol domination de-nax
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Aibula Gageli, and Sargls T'mogveli
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expendable, they usually designated
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military man XarsayiS Orbelean by A
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troops remained on alert in Mughan
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next year, Zak'are was murdered „
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The initial Mongol expedition of 12
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elements in the army learned about
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villages around Melitene/Malatya ,
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part* of the Armenian highlands, at
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itions of Nauruz (1295/96) during t
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Hat* was captured by Turkmans in 13
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and western Armenia were used almos
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dinars ae set down in the registers
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Bayburt and Sebastia/SivasJ Qara-Qo
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lands to religious establishments u
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_ Remember too that your brother, t
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come to his aid against the lurk, a
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through Naxijewan, Juia, through A*
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is Italy are not unknown. In the 14
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The sane may be true of Malak'ia's
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The Timurids forced certain princes
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in aouthweatern Armenia in the earl
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At the beginning of this chapter it
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CONCLUSION Thia study has examined
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destroy and move on had to be fough
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The nobility of the Zak'arid reviva
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..cOur own analysis justifies [Zore
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submerged by the egalitariansio of
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APPENDIX A Supplementary Hotea on t
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er hayreneac * iwroc * yawura nora)
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The emigration of Armenians to Geor
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to counter Orbelean influence by ad
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The Armenophile David III who ruled
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While the study concerns the 13-14t
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eparapet" in the sources . As Babay
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Xalbakean-Froeeani. Babayan reasona
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Patron Xawfas, son of Aair Sargis,
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1291 to 1318 a system of collegial
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Sfflbat may have had elements of an
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The birth of their son Demitre crea
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the king's action, reminiscent of E
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According to the History of K'art *
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especially those living and working
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A third source of conflict came fro
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APPENDIX C Hotea on the Relations b
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his student Kirakos, and many other
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were possessed by devils and were s
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fhe fact that Hasan, subsequently "
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impostor claimed that: ...he had be
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la my opinion, the lord mentioned a
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I. Sources Bibliography AL Aristake
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Ibn Bibi Ibn Bibi, Die Seltsohukeng
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Trans. : Collection d1historians ar
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II. Literature Abelyan, M., Erker [
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301 Sotsial 'no-akonomicheskaia i p
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Galatyan, A.G., "The Conquest of Ar
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Manandyan, H.A., Feodalizma hin Hay
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Sahnazarean, A., "Zak'arean tohmi c
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'uriyan, H.G., "Sah-i-Armenner CThe
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amir-hejub amir-spaaalar kat'oiikos
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