The Turco-Mongol Invasions and the Lords of Armenia in the 13 ...

members and these "fiefdoms" quickly transformed themselves
from conditional to hereditary landholds . Indeed, prior
to the establishment of Saljuq, control over much of the
Armenian highlands by the late 11th century, the prolif-
eration of small and usually mutually inimical Muslim
emirates had begun. In the east, embracing parts of
eastern Armenia, Caucasian Albania, and £zarbaljan was the
emirate of Ganjak (ruled independently from 1148 to 1225) ,
In the south, in the areas of Aijnik'/Diyarbakr and Xlat',
the holdings of the Muslim Marwanid emirs quickly were
confiscated by the Artukids of Aljnik * (1101-1231)5, and
the Saljuqid Shah Armens of Xlat* (1100-1207) 4 . In the west,
the Turkmen Danishmandids (1097-1165) ruled a large area
including Sebastia/Sivas, Caesarea, and Melitene/Iialatya .
Finally, in the northwest, were the emirates of Karin/Erzerum
(ruled by the Saltukids ca. 1080-late 12th century) and
Kars (ca. 1080-1200). From 1118 Erzinjan and Divrigi belonged
1
PT pp. 23*-48.
2
On the emirate of Ganjak to 1075 see V.Minorsky, Studies
in Caucasian History (London, 1953) pp. 1-77} thereafter,
S-IP pp. 169-71. 176-83 passim! HAP pp. 475-79.
3
£T pp. 101-2, 126-32; § 3 pp. 111-12; gAP pp. 465,
469-70, 486-91 passim.
4
_
H G . . T'ursyan, "5ah-l-ArmennerCThe Shah-i-Armens]", PBH
#4 (1964) pp. 117-75; pp. 46, 107, 1,27; A.N.Ter-Lewona'yan
" 3ah Armenneri amir yut yuna Xlat'urn [The Emirate of
'
tET
5
Shah Armens at Xlat'jT ArTp 787-90.
PT pp. 96-107; HAP pp. 469-70, 579-80.
77