The Turco-Mongol Invasions and the Lords of Armenia in the 13 ...

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ethnic, economic, and cultural stimuli. The Armenian or part-Armenian populations of these states subscribed to a variety of religions ranging from Apostolic, Orthodox, and Roman Catholic Christianity, to Islam. Even north- eastern Armenian society (for which the historical record is the most complete) on the eve of the Turco-Mongol invasions was far from being a homogeneous ethnic, cultural or religious entity. Even where Armenians were in political control of Armenian-inhabited territories, a geographically- derived centrifugalisn made the lords (naxarars) of the various districts disinclined to unite. In the 13-14th centuries, therefore, Armenia experienced the effects of a double centrifugation: of Turco-Mongol societies in dissolution, and of native Armenian naxarar society, which was itself characterized by centrifugation. This study has two principal aims. A review of the salient political and military events associated with the Turco-Mongol invasions of Armenia is one aim. Who were the invaders, and in what ways were they alike and dissiailar? The second aim of the study is an examination of the impact (a) of the invasions and dominations) of the 13-14th centuries on Armenia's lordly naxarar rulers. While many aspects of both areas of investigation (i,.£., regarding the invasions and dominations and their impacts) have already been examined by scholars, to the present no single study has focussed on the invasions of Armenia as phenomena. Similarly, while diverse aspects of Armenia's ii
socio-economic and political history in the 13-14th centuries have been examined by others, no single study of the lordly heads of that society has as yet been undertaken. The present work, therefore, attempts to fill a void existing in Armenian scholarship. It is hoped that this study will likewise serve as an introduction to 13-14th century Armenian history for Western scholars, to whom Armenia in this period has remained terra incognita. iii
Page 1 and 2: This is an authorized facsimile and
Page 3 and 4: INFORMATION TO USERS This was produ
Page 5: ABSTRACT TEE TURCO-MONGOL INVASIONS
Page 9 and 10: INTRODUCTION The history of Greater
Page 11 and 12: If the history of 13-l4tfa century
Page 13 and 14: In recent times a number of Armenia
Page 15 and 16: themselves. In this case, as in cha
Page 17 and 18: This study, therefore, provides inf
Page 19 and 20: ut precisely that narrow scope and
Page 21 and 22: nobility. Nonetheless, their works
Page 23 and 24: al-Athir bad little to say about Ar
Page 25 and 26: their Church . Considerably less im
Page 27 and 28: Accounts made by four 13-l4tb centu
Page 29 and 30: at the beginning and toward the end
Page 31 and 32: in the year 1241/42 (690 A.E. )„.
Page 33 and 34: Ganjakee'i's Hiatory of Armenia is
Page 35 and 36: the Diane Abaga and Berke (1266/67)
Page 37 and 38: ?snakan, and to the prince of princ
Page 39 and 40: from personal acquaintance with the
Page 41 and 42: year of Step'annos' birth is not kn
Page 43 and 44: In chapter 73 of the History the au
Page 45 and 46: to Cilicia, he wrote; ...But when S
Page 47 and 48: The HNA differs from the works of o
Page 49 and 50: .that Grigor learned the meanings o
Page 51 and 52: y his student Xirakos Banaser (the
Page 53 and 54: The History of Tamerlane and His Su
Page 55 and 56: more important even than Samuel's o
Page 57 and 58:
In addition to the more lengthy chr
Page 59 and 60:
Colophons of the 13-l4th Centuries
Page 61 and 62:
Inscriptions The late 13th century
Page 63 and 64:
eastern Asia Minor further enchance
Page 65 and 66:
Of the various sources considered t
Page 67 and 68:
It was mentioned at the beginning o
Page 69 and 70:
The major Georgian soureea, the His
Page 71 and 72:
CHAPTER TWO ARMENIA AND THE TURCO-M
Page 73 and 74:
earliest references to Turkish atta
Page 75 and 76:
15C000 Turkmens from the Urmiah are
Page 77 and 78:
Just as the Turkish conquests of Ar
Page 79 and 80:
differentiation it remains true, no
Page 81 and 82:
northward (into Georgia) . The naxa
Page 83 and 84:
and overwhelmingly Armenian in the
Page 85 and 86:
members and these "fiefdoms" quickl
Page 87 and 88:
p. The politleal, social and econom
Page 89 and 90:
The establishment of Turkish politi
Page 91 and 92:
them "Armenians" . However, it must
Page 93 and 94:
8 the Saljuq sultans and rulers of
Page 95 and 96:
Saljuq architecture not only took a
Page 97 and 98:
9 Maakaberdelle not only commanded
Page 99 and 100:
Th» great demographic, military, a
Page 101 and 102:
9 before the Georgians (HP p. 50).
Page 103 and 104:
his pursuers and had, in fact, died
Page 105 and 106:
97 first penetration of the Mongols
Page 107 and 108:
etrospect, this Mongol campaign, co
Page 109 and 110:
different parts of the Caucasus unt
Page 111 and 112:
said: 'This is not the work of man
Page 113 and 114:
of Ganjak, Lori, and Tiflis in whic
Page 115 and 116:
had lasted seven years. Not only di
Page 117 and 118:
However, none of the enemy entered
Page 119 and 120:
As will be aeen in the next chapter
Page 121 and 122:
their base in Azarbaijan, but retur
Page 123 and 124:
The defeat of the Saljuqs at K3se D
Page 125 and 126:
formal taxes had been imposed on Ar
Page 127 and 128:
of the Great Khan Gtiytik himself,
Page 129 and 130:
king wanted to rebel with all the p
Page 131 and 132:
causes of the unrest remained unadd
Page 133 and 134:
Another administrative change occur
Page 135 and 136:
This unruly group also caused much
Page 137 and 138:
Dawit', son of Lasa, who was subjec
Page 139 and 140:
During the reign of Htilegtt'a son
Page 141 and 142:
their particular districts were exp
Page 143 and 144:
sons and all his company of soldier
Page 145 and 146:
It is a known fact that at the time
Page 147 and 148:
Hie depredations in Georgia and Arm
Page 149 and 150:
Among the ephemeral changes institu
Page 151 and 152:
Following the death of Abu Sa'id in
Page 153 and 154:
north to Khan Jani-3eg of the Golde
Page 155 and 156:
eturned north via Shirvan. With the
Page 157 and 158:
either the registers were extermina
Page 159 and 160:
The country hardly had recovered fr
Page 161 and 162:
Although the focus of this chapter
Page 163 and 164:
hope for protection, or even for eq
Page 165 and 166:
Toumanoff . Host important, the ess
Page 167 and 168:
It is not .our purpose here (and in
Page 169 and 170:
inscription (1215) of one meeatun.
Page 171 and 172:
Unlike the territorial units of Ars
Page 173 and 174:
165 Under the jurisdiction of atabe
Page 175 and 176:
married to Vaxt'ang lord of lagen d
Page 177 and 178:
The Kaxarars and the Invasions of t
Page 179 and 180:
was unwilling . The Armenian and Ge
Page 181 and 182:
ut at least in one instance, the po
Page 183 and 184:
Mongols is recounted variously by t
Page 185 and 186:
GA: "Thereafter when the wise princ
Page 187 and 188:
enriched specifically after crushin
Page 189 and 190:
In theory as well as in practice, t
Page 191 and 192:
...How [the Khan] gave to king Davi
Page 193 and 194:
MSngke: ...With Sartakh was the pio
Page 195 and 196:
Some naxarara—notably those enjoy
Page 197 and 198:
elc'i, HttlegU utilized Armenian me
Page 199 and 200:
During the Mongol domination de-nax
Page 201 and 202:
Aibula Gageli, and Sargls T'mogveli
Page 203 and 204:
expendable, they usually designated
Page 205 and 206:
military man XarsayiS Orbelean by A
Page 207 and 208:
troops remained on alert in Mughan
Page 209 and 210:
next year, Zak'are was murdered „
Page 211 and 212:
The initial Mongol expedition of 12
Page 213 and 214:
elements in the army learned about
Page 215 and 216:
villages around Melitene/Malatya ,
Page 217 and 218:
part* of the Armenian highlands, at
Page 219 and 220:
itions of Nauruz (1295/96) during t
Page 221 and 222:
Hat* was captured by Turkmans in 13
Page 223 and 224:
and western Armenia were used almos
Page 225 and 226:
dinars ae set down in the registers
Page 227 and 228:
Bayburt and Sebastia/SivasJ Qara-Qo
Page 229 and 230:
lands to religious establishments u
Page 231 and 232:
_ Remember too that your brother, t
Page 233 and 234:
come to his aid against the lurk, a
Page 235 and 236:
through Naxijewan, Juia, through A*
Page 237 and 238:
is Italy are not unknown. In the 14
Page 239 and 240:
The sane may be true of Malak'ia's
Page 241 and 242:
The Timurids forced certain princes
Page 243 and 244:
in aouthweatern Armenia in the earl
Page 245 and 246:
At the beginning of this chapter it
Page 247 and 248:
CONCLUSION Thia study has examined
Page 249 and 250:
destroy and move on had to be fough
Page 251 and 252:
The nobility of the Zak'arid reviva
Page 253 and 254:
..cOur own analysis justifies [Zore
Page 255 and 256:
submerged by the egalitariansio of
Page 257 and 258:
APPENDIX A Supplementary Hotea on t
Page 259 and 260:
er hayreneac * iwroc * yawura nora)
Page 261 and 262:
The emigration of Armenians to Geor
Page 263 and 264:
to counter Orbelean influence by ad
Page 265 and 266:
The Armenophile David III who ruled
Page 267 and 268:
While the study concerns the 13-14t
Page 269 and 270:
eparapet" in the sources . As Babay
Page 271 and 272:
Xalbakean-Froeeani. Babayan reasona
Page 273 and 274:
Patron Xawfas, son of Aair Sargis,
Page 275 and 276:
1291 to 1318 a system of collegial
Page 277 and 278:
Sfflbat may have had elements of an
Page 279 and 280:
The birth of their son Demitre crea
Page 281 and 282:
the king's action, reminiscent of E
Page 283 and 284:
According to the History of K'art *
Page 285 and 286:
especially those living and working
Page 287 and 288:
A third source of conflict came fro
Page 289 and 290:
APPENDIX C Hotea on the Relations b
Page 291 and 292:
his student Kirakos, and many other
Page 293 and 294:
were possessed by devils and were s
Page 295 and 296:
fhe fact that Hasan, subsequently "
Page 297 and 298:
impostor claimed that: ...he had be
Page 299 and 300:
la my opinion, the lord mentioned a
Page 301 and 302:
I. Sources Bibliography AL Aristake
Page 303 and 304:
Ibn Bibi Ibn Bibi, Die Seltsohukeng
Page 305 and 306:
Trans. : Collection d1historians ar
Page 307 and 308:
II. Literature Abelyan, M., Erker [
Page 309 and 310:
301 Sotsial 'no-akonomicheskaia i p
Page 311 and 312:
Galatyan, A.G., "The Conquest of Ar
Page 313 and 314:
Manandyan, H.A., Feodalizma hin Hay
Page 315 and 316:
Sahnazarean, A., "Zak'arean tohmi c
Page 317 and 318:
'uriyan, H.G., "Sah-i-Armenner CThe
Page 319 and 320:
amir-hejub amir-spaaalar kat'oiikos
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