The Turco-Mongol Invasions and the Lords of Armenia in the 13 ...

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Dealing with the rebellions of subject peoples and waging war against Muslim powers in the Hear East were not the only military operations occupying Il-Khanid generals. Beginning with 1261, the Caucasus became an occasional theater of warfare between fl-Khanida and yet another Mongol state, that of the Golden Horde centered in the lower Volga with its capital at Sarai. The organ- izer of this state, Berke-Khan (1257-66) a devout Muslim, was outraged by the anti-Muslim policies of the shamanist HfllegQ and especially by his massacre of the Muslim population of Baghdad in 1258. Hot only did Berke and his successors attempt to infringe on the uncertain boundary between his realm and HSlegU's (i.«»., the Caucasus), but they also entered into an alliance with the increasingly powerful Mamluk state in Egypt . The latter were the most ferocious enemies of the Il-Khanids in the Hear East, and the only power to have dealt the Mongols a severe military defeat there in 12602. 1 Spuler pp. 21-25; 27-29; SMP pp. 352-54; CJA'v. 3 p. 218 foldout; KG pp. 395-96; VA's account on p. 153 is merely a chronological list derived from KG; SO p. 161; KG pp. 249-54; Mur. pp. 121-25. 2 Spuler p.20; SKP pp. 351-52; Het'ua p. 53. 130
During the reign of Htilegtt'a son and successor Abaqa (1265-82) more examples of centrifugation. among the Mongols became manifest. In the very first year of his rule, Abaqa was obliged to deal with another invasion of the Caucasus from Berke . With the latter's death in Tiflis in 1266, the troops of the Golden Horde retreated . Spuler p. 26; KG's text ends with an incomplete description of this invasion, p. 399; VA chp. 98: "Now at the beginning of 1266/67, the governor of the North named Berke (Bark'a) who had held the position of Battt and Sartakh and was a Muslim, heard about the death of great Hfllegu and he came with a multitude [of troops] to the Kur river to display his forces to the troops on this side of the river—troops of Abaqa and his brother Ismud, to show that he was alive after the death of their father. And Berke came and trampled them with little care, as far as HeZn. All the Muslims there prayed in joy. But those [people] on this side were terrified by this and walled off the length of the river called Sibar and kept in all readiness throughout the winter. Then Berke, having lost hope, returned to his place. And' in the summertime he died. They say that in behavior he was not an agitator, and that he loathed blood-letting" (VA p. 162). KG: "Curing this period the great Khan Berke came forth on the Darband highway to avenge [the deaths.of] Xut'ar, Balal-, and lul. Learning of this, Abaqa-Khan summoned his army and king David, and set out. But when he realized the size of Berke's army and its might, he did not cross the Kur, but went up the banks, leaving troops where the Kur and the. Ar,ax join, from there to Mc'xet'a* Berke ravaged the Shirvan country, Heret'i , Kaxet'i , and the whole bank oT"~the lori. The army came as far asJTiflis. Countless Christians were killed, while Berke-Khan encamped in the Ga.re3 mountains. Then God pitied the land and Abaqa-Khan. Berke was seized with some sort of illQess and heTied. Now his troops when they saw their Khan's decease, picked up the corpse and passed through tEe Darband Gates. So the land was pacified" (KG pp. 254-55; Mur. p. 126). SMP p. 356. 131
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This is an authorized facsimile and
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INFORMATION TO USERS This was produ
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ABSTRACT TEE TURCO-MONGOL INVASIONS
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socio-economic and political histor
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INTRODUCTION The history of Greater
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If the history of 13-l4tfa century
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In recent times a number of Armenia
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themselves. In this case, as in cha
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This study, therefore, provides inf
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ut precisely that narrow scope and
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nobility. Nonetheless, their works
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al-Athir bad little to say about Ar
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their Church . Considerably less im
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Accounts made by four 13-l4tb centu
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at the beginning and toward the end
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in the year 1241/42 (690 A.E. )„.
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Ganjakee'i's Hiatory of Armenia is
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the Diane Abaga and Berke (1266/67)
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?snakan, and to the prince of princ
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from personal acquaintance with the
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year of Step'annos' birth is not kn
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In chapter 73 of the History the au
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to Cilicia, he wrote; ...But when S
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The HNA differs from the works of o
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.that Grigor learned the meanings o
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y his student Xirakos Banaser (the
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The History of Tamerlane and His Su
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more important even than Samuel's o
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In addition to the more lengthy chr
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Colophons of the 13-l4th Centuries
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Inscriptions The late 13th century
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eastern Asia Minor further enchance
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Of the various sources considered t
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It was mentioned at the beginning o
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The major Georgian soureea, the His
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CHAPTER TWO ARMENIA AND THE TURCO-M
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earliest references to Turkish atta
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15C000 Turkmens from the Urmiah are
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Just as the Turkish conquests of Ar
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differentiation it remains true, no
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northward (into Georgia) . The naxa
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and overwhelmingly Armenian in the
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members and these "fiefdoms" quickl
Page 87 and 88: p. The politleal, social and econom
Page 89 and 90: The establishment of Turkish politi
Page 91 and 92: them "Armenians" . However, it must
Page 93 and 94: 8 the Saljuq sultans and rulers of
Page 95 and 96: Saljuq architecture not only took a
Page 97 and 98: 9 Maakaberdelle not only commanded
Page 99 and 100: Th» great demographic, military, a
Page 101 and 102: 9 before the Georgians (HP p. 50).
Page 103 and 104: his pursuers and had, in fact, died
Page 105 and 106: 97 first penetration of the Mongols
Page 107 and 108: etrospect, this Mongol campaign, co
Page 109 and 110: different parts of the Caucasus unt
Page 111 and 112: said: 'This is not the work of man
Page 113 and 114: of Ganjak, Lori, and Tiflis in whic
Page 115 and 116: had lasted seven years. Not only di
Page 117 and 118: However, none of the enemy entered
Page 119 and 120: As will be aeen in the next chapter
Page 121 and 122: their base in Azarbaijan, but retur
Page 123 and 124: The defeat of the Saljuqs at K3se D
Page 125 and 126: formal taxes had been imposed on Ar
Page 127 and 128: of the Great Khan Gtiytik himself,
Page 129 and 130: king wanted to rebel with all the p
Page 131 and 132: causes of the unrest remained unadd
Page 133 and 134: Another administrative change occur
Page 135 and 136: This unruly group also caused much
Page 137: Dawit', son of Lasa, who was subjec
Page 141 and 142: their particular districts were exp
Page 143 and 144: sons and all his company of soldier
Page 145 and 146: It is a known fact that at the time
Page 147 and 148: Hie depredations in Georgia and Arm
Page 149 and 150: Among the ephemeral changes institu
Page 151 and 152: Following the death of Abu Sa'id in
Page 153 and 154: north to Khan Jani-3eg of the Golde
Page 155 and 156: eturned north via Shirvan. With the
Page 157 and 158: either the registers were extermina
Page 159 and 160: The country hardly had recovered fr
Page 161 and 162: Although the focus of this chapter
Page 163 and 164: hope for protection, or even for eq
Page 165 and 166: Toumanoff . Host important, the ess
Page 167 and 168: It is not .our purpose here (and in
Page 169 and 170: inscription (1215) of one meeatun.
Page 171 and 172: Unlike the territorial units of Ars
Page 173 and 174: 165 Under the jurisdiction of atabe
Page 175 and 176: married to Vaxt'ang lord of lagen d
Page 177 and 178: The Kaxarars and the Invasions of t
Page 179 and 180: was unwilling . The Armenian and Ge
Page 181 and 182: ut at least in one instance, the po
Page 183 and 184: Mongols is recounted variously by t
Page 185 and 186: GA: "Thereafter when the wise princ
Page 187 and 188: enriched specifically after crushin
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In theory as well as in practice, t
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...How [the Khan] gave to king Davi
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MSngke: ...With Sartakh was the pio
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Some naxarara—notably those enjoy
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elc'i, HttlegU utilized Armenian me
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During the Mongol domination de-nax
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Aibula Gageli, and Sargls T'mogveli
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expendable, they usually designated
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military man XarsayiS Orbelean by A
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troops remained on alert in Mughan
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next year, Zak'are was murdered „
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The initial Mongol expedition of 12
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elements in the army learned about
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villages around Melitene/Malatya ,
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part* of the Armenian highlands, at
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itions of Nauruz (1295/96) during t
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Hat* was captured by Turkmans in 13
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and western Armenia were used almos
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dinars ae set down in the registers
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Bayburt and Sebastia/SivasJ Qara-Qo
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lands to religious establishments u
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_ Remember too that your brother, t
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come to his aid against the lurk, a
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through Naxijewan, Juia, through A*
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is Italy are not unknown. In the 14
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The sane may be true of Malak'ia's
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The Timurids forced certain princes
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in aouthweatern Armenia in the earl
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At the beginning of this chapter it
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CONCLUSION Thia study has examined
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destroy and move on had to be fough
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The nobility of the Zak'arid reviva
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..cOur own analysis justifies [Zore
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submerged by the egalitariansio of
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APPENDIX A Supplementary Hotea on t
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er hayreneac * iwroc * yawura nora)
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The emigration of Armenians to Geor
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to counter Orbelean influence by ad
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The Armenophile David III who ruled
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While the study concerns the 13-14t
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eparapet" in the sources . As Babay
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Xalbakean-Froeeani. Babayan reasona
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Patron Xawfas, son of Aair Sargis,
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1291 to 1318 a system of collegial
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Sfflbat may have had elements of an
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The birth of their son Demitre crea
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the king's action, reminiscent of E
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According to the History of K'art *
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especially those living and working
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A third source of conflict came fro
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APPENDIX C Hotea on the Relations b
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his student Kirakos, and many other
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were possessed by devils and were s
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fhe fact that Hasan, subsequently "
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impostor claimed that: ...he had be
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la my opinion, the lord mentioned a
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I. Sources Bibliography AL Aristake
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Ibn Bibi Ibn Bibi, Die Seltsohukeng
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Trans. : Collection d1historians ar
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II. Literature Abelyan, M., Erker [
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301 Sotsial 'no-akonomicheskaia i p
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Galatyan, A.G., "The Conquest of Ar
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Manandyan, H.A., Feodalizma hin Hay
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Sahnazarean, A., "Zak'arean tohmi c
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'uriyan, H.G., "Sah-i-Armenner CThe
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amir-hejub amir-spaaalar kat'oiikos
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