The Turco-Mongol Invasions and the Lords of Armenia in the 13 ...

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they did with aometioes sizeable forces, occasionally were powers to be reckoned with. Several such powerful and ambitious naxarara carved out for themselves principal- ities over an extensive area stretching from Cilieia on the Mediterranean, southward to Antioch, eastward to Edessa, northward to Samosata, to Helitene/Ualatya, and elsewhere . However, it must be stressed that despite what appears to have been large-scale emigration from Greater Armenia, those departing (principally families of means) nonetheless constituted a minority of the total indigenous population of eastern Asia Minor which remained in situ districts of Tayk'/Tao, Kola/Koi, Artani/Artahan and Javaxet'i/Jawaxlc*. Between 1041 and 1043, Byzantium attacked the city of Ani three times, but was repelled each time. In 1045, through treachery, the Ani-sirak kingdom was annexed. The same year the Fahlawunid princedom of Bjni in northeastern Armenia suucumbed. Its territories had included the districts of Kig, parts of YaraSnunik', Kotayk' plus Eayean and Kaycon fortresses. In addition to Soumanoff's Studies one should consult his important articles in Traditig, especially " Caucasia and Byzantium", and in fhe Cambridge Medieval ' History, vol IV, The Byzantine Empire, part 1 (Cambrld 1966}ch. XIV "Armenia and Georgia" pp. 619-24 for background. See also Appendix A of this study. 1 MS oh . 30, "flaS ga3rt'avayrera merjavor Ayevelk'um [Armenian Settlements in the Near Eastj": 1. O.Z.T op uzyan c'l ev AaaziJt'i h Yf c h n ga t'avavrera [Armenian Settlements in Mesopotamia and Syria]" pp. 506-15; 2. A.N. Ter-tewondyan, "Havera Eeiptosup [The Armenians in Egypt]", PP. 516-20; M.J.Laurent, Byzance et Antioche sous le curopalate PhilarSte", gEA , IX(1929) PP. 61-72. "ailagSlf ge. 74
and overwhelmingly Armenian in the period covered by this study 1 . 1 IS. p. 15 . In C. Cahen's opinion, the number of Turkmen invaders/migrants throughout the ll-12th centuries remained small: "Several tens of thousands, certainly; but that they numbered several hundreds of thousands is doubtful,.."QM p. 33). "It is difficult to believe that movements of peoples at that period can have involved more than a few tens of thousands of individuals in any one operation, at the most two or three hundred thousands, even though the texts give the impression of enormous masses (it should be remembered that regular armies in battle contained at the most a few thousand men)"(FT p. 143). See also JMH p. 261 n. 718 where Yryonis has compiled figures from the sources concerning the invasions. In the 11-12th centuries Turkish settlement in Armenia .. sgems to have been very limited. Cahen notes that Azarbaijan to the east became and remained the ethnic base for the Turks of Asia Minor in this period (PT p. 79). Furthermore, in the early 12th century when Turkish immigration in Iran itself had become stabilized, "the Turks established in Asia Minor no longer permitted any others to come among them and divide their spoils" (PT p. 90). Turkmen "settlements" (or perhaps, "concentrations" would be more apt, since the Turkmen were nomads) were established " when and if [the Turkmen tribe] could secure a winter base after its summer raids. Until it could acquire and defend a winter base in Anatolia, the tribe usually left Asia Minor at the end of the summer raiding season. Once located, the tribes usually established a semianual transhumant pattern between their summer yayla in the mountains and their winter base in the plains"(DIE p. 279). For a list of possible Turkmen settlements-temporary and "permanent" -cited by ll-15th century sources see DMH p. 281 n. 791. The nedieval Armenian translation of the KC, known as" ' Juanaer". mentions Turkmen concentrations and their yaylaa in northern and northwestern Armenia. Speaking of the success of Georgian king David II the Builder (1089-1123) in expelling these elements, the text reads: " In that period some 10,000 Turks raided in Ttelk'CTrialeti). David was at KaSarmad. When he heard about them he came at night with but few troops, and in the morning, with God's aid, beat them until evening. The few survivors fled at night. Similarly, in the Tayk' country there were tens of thousands of Turkish troops which had descended into the Tayk' country. [David] went and struck them, and took their goods, andthe country of Georgia filled up with good things....But while the great David was celebrating the feast of Easter at Naxedran, they brought him news that 75
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This is an authorized facsimile and
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INFORMATION TO USERS This was produ
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ABSTRACT TEE TURCO-MONGOL INVASIONS
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socio-economic and political histor
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INTRODUCTION The history of Greater
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If the history of 13-l4tfa century
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In recent times a number of Armenia
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themselves. In this case, as in cha
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This study, therefore, provides inf
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ut precisely that narrow scope and
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nobility. Nonetheless, their works
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al-Athir bad little to say about Ar
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their Church . Considerably less im
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Accounts made by four 13-l4tb centu
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at the beginning and toward the end
Page 31 and 32: in the year 1241/42 (690 A.E. )„.
Page 33 and 34: Ganjakee'i's Hiatory of Armenia is
Page 35 and 36: the Diane Abaga and Berke (1266/67)
Page 37 and 38: ?snakan, and to the prince of princ
Page 39 and 40: from personal acquaintance with the
Page 41 and 42: year of Step'annos' birth is not kn
Page 43 and 44: In chapter 73 of the History the au
Page 45 and 46: to Cilicia, he wrote; ...But when S
Page 47 and 48: The HNA differs from the works of o
Page 49 and 50: .that Grigor learned the meanings o
Page 51 and 52: y his student Xirakos Banaser (the
Page 53 and 54: The History of Tamerlane and His Su
Page 55 and 56: more important even than Samuel's o
Page 57 and 58: In addition to the more lengthy chr
Page 59 and 60: Colophons of the 13-l4th Centuries
Page 61 and 62: Inscriptions The late 13th century
Page 63 and 64: eastern Asia Minor further enchance
Page 65 and 66: Of the various sources considered t
Page 67 and 68: It was mentioned at the beginning o
Page 69 and 70: The major Georgian soureea, the His
Page 71 and 72: CHAPTER TWO ARMENIA AND THE TURCO-M
Page 73 and 74: earliest references to Turkish atta
Page 75 and 76: 15C000 Turkmens from the Urmiah are
Page 77 and 78: Just as the Turkish conquests of Ar
Page 79 and 80: differentiation it remains true, no
Page 81: northward (into Georgia) . The naxa
Page 85 and 86: members and these "fiefdoms" quickl
Page 87 and 88: p. The politleal, social and econom
Page 89 and 90: The establishment of Turkish politi
Page 91 and 92: them "Armenians" . However, it must
Page 93 and 94: 8 the Saljuq sultans and rulers of
Page 95 and 96: Saljuq architecture not only took a
Page 97 and 98: 9 Maakaberdelle not only commanded
Page 99 and 100: Th» great demographic, military, a
Page 101 and 102: 9 before the Georgians (HP p. 50).
Page 103 and 104: his pursuers and had, in fact, died
Page 105 and 106: 97 first penetration of the Mongols
Page 107 and 108: etrospect, this Mongol campaign, co
Page 109 and 110: different parts of the Caucasus unt
Page 111 and 112: said: 'This is not the work of man
Page 113 and 114: of Ganjak, Lori, and Tiflis in whic
Page 115 and 116: had lasted seven years. Not only di
Page 117 and 118: However, none of the enemy entered
Page 119 and 120: As will be aeen in the next chapter
Page 121 and 122: their base in Azarbaijan, but retur
Page 123 and 124: The defeat of the Saljuqs at K3se D
Page 125 and 126: formal taxes had been imposed on Ar
Page 127 and 128: of the Great Khan Gtiytik himself,
Page 129 and 130: king wanted to rebel with all the p
Page 131 and 132: causes of the unrest remained unadd
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Another administrative change occur
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This unruly group also caused much
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Dawit', son of Lasa, who was subjec
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During the reign of Htilegtt'a son
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their particular districts were exp
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sons and all his company of soldier
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It is a known fact that at the time
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Hie depredations in Georgia and Arm
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Among the ephemeral changes institu
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Following the death of Abu Sa'id in
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north to Khan Jani-3eg of the Golde
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eturned north via Shirvan. With the
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either the registers were extermina
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The country hardly had recovered fr
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Although the focus of this chapter
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hope for protection, or even for eq
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Toumanoff . Host important, the ess
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It is not .our purpose here (and in
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inscription (1215) of one meeatun.
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Unlike the territorial units of Ars
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165 Under the jurisdiction of atabe
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married to Vaxt'ang lord of lagen d
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The Kaxarars and the Invasions of t
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was unwilling . The Armenian and Ge
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ut at least in one instance, the po
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Mongols is recounted variously by t
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GA: "Thereafter when the wise princ
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enriched specifically after crushin
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In theory as well as in practice, t
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...How [the Khan] gave to king Davi
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MSngke: ...With Sartakh was the pio
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Some naxarara—notably those enjoy
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elc'i, HttlegU utilized Armenian me
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During the Mongol domination de-nax
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Aibula Gageli, and Sargls T'mogveli
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expendable, they usually designated
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military man XarsayiS Orbelean by A
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troops remained on alert in Mughan
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next year, Zak'are was murdered „
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The initial Mongol expedition of 12
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elements in the army learned about
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villages around Melitene/Malatya ,
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part* of the Armenian highlands, at
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itions of Nauruz (1295/96) during t
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Hat* was captured by Turkmans in 13
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and western Armenia were used almos
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dinars ae set down in the registers
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Bayburt and Sebastia/SivasJ Qara-Qo
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lands to religious establishments u
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_ Remember too that your brother, t
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come to his aid against the lurk, a
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through Naxijewan, Juia, through A*
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is Italy are not unknown. In the 14
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The sane may be true of Malak'ia's
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The Timurids forced certain princes
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in aouthweatern Armenia in the earl
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At the beginning of this chapter it
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CONCLUSION Thia study has examined
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destroy and move on had to be fough
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The nobility of the Zak'arid reviva
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..cOur own analysis justifies [Zore
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submerged by the egalitariansio of
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APPENDIX A Supplementary Hotea on t
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er hayreneac * iwroc * yawura nora)
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The emigration of Armenians to Geor
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to counter Orbelean influence by ad
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The Armenophile David III who ruled
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While the study concerns the 13-14t
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eparapet" in the sources . As Babay
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Xalbakean-Froeeani. Babayan reasona
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Patron Xawfas, son of Aair Sargis,
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1291 to 1318 a system of collegial
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Sfflbat may have had elements of an
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The birth of their son Demitre crea
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the king's action, reminiscent of E
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According to the History of K'art *
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especially those living and working
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A third source of conflict came fro
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APPENDIX C Hotea on the Relations b
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his student Kirakos, and many other
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were possessed by devils and were s
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fhe fact that Hasan, subsequently "
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impostor claimed that: ...he had be
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la my opinion, the lord mentioned a
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I. Sources Bibliography AL Aristake
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Ibn Bibi Ibn Bibi, Die Seltsohukeng
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Trans. : Collection d1historians ar
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II. Literature Abelyan, M., Erker [
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301 Sotsial 'no-akonomicheskaia i p
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Galatyan, A.G., "The Conquest of Ar
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Manandyan, H.A., Feodalizma hin Hay
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Sahnazarean, A., "Zak'arean tohmi c
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'uriyan, H.G., "Sah-i-Armenner CThe
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amir-hejub amir-spaaalar kat'oiikos
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