The Turco-Mongol Invasions and the Lords of Armenia in the 13 ...

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described it as follows: [Census-takers] also reached the lands of Armenia, Georgia, Albania, and the districts around them, and began recording all those from 11 years and up, exceptting the women. And they demanded the most severe taxes, more than a man could bear. And people became impoverished. They harassed the people with unbelievable beatings, torments, and tortures. Those who hid were seized and killed. Those who were unable to pay the rate had their children taken to pay their debt, for [the censustakers] circulated around with Persian Muslim attendants... all the artisans, whether in the cities or in villages were taxed. Furthermore, fishermen of the seas and lakes, miners and blacksmiths and painters/plasterers [were taxed] ...And they alone profitted. They took all the salt mines in Kolba and in other regions. Arghun similarly profitted greatly from the merchants and heaped up vast quantities of gold, silver, and precious stones. Thus everything became expensive and the lands became filled with lamentation and complaints. Then he left in charge of the lands a wicked governor (ostikan) who demanded the same amount every year by list, and in writing. 1 to Rum to survey all of his holdings. When Arghun reached Georgia, all the inhabitants of David's kingdom were greatly menaced. They started surveying people and beasts fields, and plants, vineyards and vegetable gardens. From [each] 9 land-owning peasants it was ordered that 1 soldier should be provided. Thus David's kingdom provided by census to the Tatars 9 dumans, which is 9 x 10,000.[From eachjvillage they stipulated gifts: to the Thousander one lamb and one drahkan (?); to the Ten Thousander, one sheep and two drahkan; for the horseman (?) 3 tetris da.ily («a silver coinTTHe so stipulated and then went to Hum Baghdad, and everywhere" (KG pp. 234-35; Mur. pp. 107-108). KG pp.. 362-63: "ew zamenayn arueetageta. e£ e i ^ ew et e j, giwia. zamenayn i harki kac ue in. Ayl ew zcovaks. ew zliSs jknorsae , ew zerEat 'ahans. ew zd"arbins. ew zSparars. ..ew inTc'canSc* miayn sahein. ew zamenayn aSahansn arin. or ^ Kol_5ew or yayl kotmans kp^mans. "Na ew ^ vaârakanae oazum infsaheal. kutec in ganjs _ aaatiks os'kwoy ew arcat *oy ew aganc patuakanac'. Ew ayspes zamenesin aâc aâc'uc'eal uc eal ew vayiw vayTw ew asxa: asxarov ic'eal z^Sxarhs t'otin {ar ostikans i veray asxarhac'a ' yamenavn ani. novin Hamarov ew grov^."" 124
Another administrative change occurred regarding Armenia in the mid-13th century. This was the establishment of the Il-Khanid Mongol state over the territory of Iran, and the inclusion of Caucasia into it, beginning in 1256. Prior to that time the Caucasus had formed a single administrative unit composed of five vilayets. Of these five, the first two were areas of Armenian population, namely 1) the Gurjistani (Georgian) vilayet. and 2) the vilayet of Greater Armenia. The Gurjistanl vilayet consisted of eight tumana or districts each capable of providing 10,000 soldiers. Three of the eight tumana in the first vilayet .were Armenian and included Ani, Kara, northeasternmost Armenia, Siwnik* and Arc'ax. The second vilayet, that of Greater'Armenia embraced some of the quasi-independent Armenian principalities, such as the Mamikonean/T'ornikeans of Sasun and the Arcrunid Xedenek- eans of Vaapurakan. The center of this vilayet was Karin/ Erzerum . Following the granting of Iran as a hereditary appanage to Hulegu-Khan in 1256, the situation was somewhat altered . First, HUlegU chose as his residence Mughan in Azarbaijan which until then had been the camping grounds of Baiju-noyin. Htilegti ordered the latter and all the HAP III pp. 614-16; SEPKA pp. 155-59. 125
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This is an authorized facsimile and
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INFORMATION TO USERS This was produ
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ABSTRACT TEE TURCO-MONGOL INVASIONS
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socio-economic and political histor
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INTRODUCTION The history of Greater
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If the history of 13-l4tfa century
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In recent times a number of Armenia
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themselves. In this case, as in cha
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This study, therefore, provides inf
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ut precisely that narrow scope and
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nobility. Nonetheless, their works
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al-Athir bad little to say about Ar
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their Church . Considerably less im
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Accounts made by four 13-l4tb centu
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at the beginning and toward the end
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in the year 1241/42 (690 A.E. )„.
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Ganjakee'i's Hiatory of Armenia is
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the Diane Abaga and Berke (1266/67)
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?snakan, and to the prince of princ
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from personal acquaintance with the
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year of Step'annos' birth is not kn
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In chapter 73 of the History the au
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to Cilicia, he wrote; ...But when S
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The HNA differs from the works of o
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.that Grigor learned the meanings o
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y his student Xirakos Banaser (the
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The History of Tamerlane and His Su
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more important even than Samuel's o
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In addition to the more lengthy chr
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Colophons of the 13-l4th Centuries
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Inscriptions The late 13th century
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eastern Asia Minor further enchance
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Of the various sources considered t
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It was mentioned at the beginning o
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The major Georgian soureea, the His
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CHAPTER TWO ARMENIA AND THE TURCO-M
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earliest references to Turkish atta
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15C000 Turkmens from the Urmiah are
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Just as the Turkish conquests of Ar
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differentiation it remains true, no
Page 81 and 82: northward (into Georgia) . The naxa
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Page 85 and 86: members and these "fiefdoms" quickl
Page 87 and 88: p. The politleal, social and econom
Page 89 and 90: The establishment of Turkish politi
Page 91 and 92: them "Armenians" . However, it must
Page 93 and 94: 8 the Saljuq sultans and rulers of
Page 95 and 96: Saljuq architecture not only took a
Page 97 and 98: 9 Maakaberdelle not only commanded
Page 99 and 100: Th» great demographic, military, a
Page 101 and 102: 9 before the Georgians (HP p. 50).
Page 103 and 104: his pursuers and had, in fact, died
Page 105 and 106: 97 first penetration of the Mongols
Page 107 and 108: etrospect, this Mongol campaign, co
Page 109 and 110: different parts of the Caucasus unt
Page 111 and 112: said: 'This is not the work of man
Page 113 and 114: of Ganjak, Lori, and Tiflis in whic
Page 115 and 116: had lasted seven years. Not only di
Page 117 and 118: However, none of the enemy entered
Page 119 and 120: As will be aeen in the next chapter
Page 121 and 122: their base in Azarbaijan, but retur
Page 123 and 124: The defeat of the Saljuqs at K3se D
Page 125 and 126: formal taxes had been imposed on Ar
Page 127 and 128: of the Great Khan Gtiytik himself,
Page 129 and 130: king wanted to rebel with all the p
Page 131: causes of the unrest remained unadd
Page 135 and 136: This unruly group also caused much
Page 137 and 138: Dawit', son of Lasa, who was subjec
Page 139 and 140: During the reign of Htilegtt'a son
Page 141 and 142: their particular districts were exp
Page 143 and 144: sons and all his company of soldier
Page 145 and 146: It is a known fact that at the time
Page 147 and 148: Hie depredations in Georgia and Arm
Page 149 and 150: Among the ephemeral changes institu
Page 151 and 152: Following the death of Abu Sa'id in
Page 153 and 154: north to Khan Jani-3eg of the Golde
Page 155 and 156: eturned north via Shirvan. With the
Page 157 and 158: either the registers were extermina
Page 159 and 160: The country hardly had recovered fr
Page 161 and 162: Although the focus of this chapter
Page 163 and 164: hope for protection, or even for eq
Page 165 and 166: Toumanoff . Host important, the ess
Page 167 and 168: It is not .our purpose here (and in
Page 169 and 170: inscription (1215) of one meeatun.
Page 171 and 172: Unlike the territorial units of Ars
Page 173 and 174: 165 Under the jurisdiction of atabe
Page 175 and 176: married to Vaxt'ang lord of lagen d
Page 177 and 178: The Kaxarars and the Invasions of t
Page 179 and 180: was unwilling . The Armenian and Ge
Page 181 and 182: ut at least in one instance, the po
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Mongols is recounted variously by t
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GA: "Thereafter when the wise princ
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enriched specifically after crushin
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In theory as well as in practice, t
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...How [the Khan] gave to king Davi
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MSngke: ...With Sartakh was the pio
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Some naxarara—notably those enjoy
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elc'i, HttlegU utilized Armenian me
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During the Mongol domination de-nax
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Aibula Gageli, and Sargls T'mogveli
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expendable, they usually designated
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military man XarsayiS Orbelean by A
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troops remained on alert in Mughan
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next year, Zak'are was murdered „
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The initial Mongol expedition of 12
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elements in the army learned about
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villages around Melitene/Malatya ,
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part* of the Armenian highlands, at
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itions of Nauruz (1295/96) during t
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Hat* was captured by Turkmans in 13
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and western Armenia were used almos
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dinars ae set down in the registers
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Bayburt and Sebastia/SivasJ Qara-Qo
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lands to religious establishments u
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_ Remember too that your brother, t
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come to his aid against the lurk, a
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through Naxijewan, Juia, through A*
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is Italy are not unknown. In the 14
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The sane may be true of Malak'ia's
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The Timurids forced certain princes
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in aouthweatern Armenia in the earl
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At the beginning of this chapter it
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CONCLUSION Thia study has examined
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destroy and move on had to be fough
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The nobility of the Zak'arid reviva
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..cOur own analysis justifies [Zore
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submerged by the egalitariansio of
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APPENDIX A Supplementary Hotea on t
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er hayreneac * iwroc * yawura nora)
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The emigration of Armenians to Geor
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to counter Orbelean influence by ad
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The Armenophile David III who ruled
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While the study concerns the 13-14t
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eparapet" in the sources . As Babay
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Xalbakean-Froeeani. Babayan reasona
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Patron Xawfas, son of Aair Sargis,
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1291 to 1318 a system of collegial
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Sfflbat may have had elements of an
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The birth of their son Demitre crea
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the king's action, reminiscent of E
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According to the History of K'art *
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especially those living and working
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A third source of conflict came fro
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APPENDIX C Hotea on the Relations b
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his student Kirakos, and many other
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were possessed by devils and were s
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fhe fact that Hasan, subsequently "
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impostor claimed that: ...he had be
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la my opinion, the lord mentioned a
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I. Sources Bibliography AL Aristake
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Ibn Bibi Ibn Bibi, Die Seltsohukeng
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Trans. : Collection d1historians ar
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II. Literature Abelyan, M., Erker [
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301 Sotsial 'no-akonomicheskaia i p
Page 311 and 312:
Galatyan, A.G., "The Conquest of Ar
Page 313 and 314:
Manandyan, H.A., Feodalizma hin Hay
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Sahnazarean, A., "Zak'arean tohmi c
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'uriyan, H.G., "Sah-i-Armenner CThe
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amir-hejub amir-spaaalar kat'oiikos
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