The Turco-Mongol Invasions and the Lords of Armenia in the 13 ...

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Consequences of the Mongol domination regarding the Armenian lords are described in the following chapter. After the Saljuq invasions, those Armenian lords remaining in their patrimonies made accommodation with the new over- lords and a process of "Armenlzation" or "naxararization" of the Saljuq nobility took place. This was possible primarily because from the late llth until the 13th century no major comparable invasions or disruptions occurred. Furthermore, as was noted, the Saljuq domination was not uniform across the Armenian highlands. After merely forty years, the Saljuq empire was in pieces. Already in the early 12th century, thanks to Georgia, an Armenian center existed in the northeastern part of the highlands. By the 13th century many districts of historical northeastern, central and even southern Armenia were under Armenian political control again. Such was not the case from ca. 1221 to 1403 when the Armenian highlands were subjected to frequent invasions, having as it were, no time to recover from one before the next was in progress. The Mongol domination lasted longer than the Saljuqid and incorporated Armenia into an empire more firmly. For almost 100 years (1240-1330) Armenia experienced Mongol rule and misrule. Nor was there a protector for Armenia. If in the ll-12th centuries Georgia was the deliverer and source of strength against Islam, in the 13th century the Armenians looked to the "Christian" Mongols—to the invaders themselves —for protection. With the Islamization of the Mongols, any 154
hope for protection, or even for equal, just treatment disappeared. Finally, unlike the Iranizing Saljuqs of Asia Minor who created an era of economic prosperity in the 12th-early 13th centuries, the Mongols commenced their domination by looting many of the Armenian cities. Subsequently they literally taxed the life out of the various societies under their control—seemingly unaware of the ultimate consequences for themselves, as well as for the subjugated population. 155
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This is an authorized facsimile and
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INFORMATION TO USERS This was produ
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ABSTRACT TEE TURCO-MONGOL INVASIONS
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socio-economic and political histor
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INTRODUCTION The history of Greater
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If the history of 13-l4tfa century
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In recent times a number of Armenia
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themselves. In this case, as in cha
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This study, therefore, provides inf
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ut precisely that narrow scope and
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nobility. Nonetheless, their works
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al-Athir bad little to say about Ar
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their Church . Considerably less im
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Accounts made by four 13-l4tb centu
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at the beginning and toward the end
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in the year 1241/42 (690 A.E. )„.
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Ganjakee'i's Hiatory of Armenia is
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the Diane Abaga and Berke (1266/67)
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?snakan, and to the prince of princ
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from personal acquaintance with the
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year of Step'annos' birth is not kn
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In chapter 73 of the History the au
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to Cilicia, he wrote; ...But when S
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The HNA differs from the works of o
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.that Grigor learned the meanings o
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y his student Xirakos Banaser (the
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The History of Tamerlane and His Su
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more important even than Samuel's o
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In addition to the more lengthy chr
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Colophons of the 13-l4th Centuries
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Inscriptions The late 13th century
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eastern Asia Minor further enchance
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Of the various sources considered t
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It was mentioned at the beginning o
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The major Georgian soureea, the His
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CHAPTER TWO ARMENIA AND THE TURCO-M
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earliest references to Turkish atta
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15C000 Turkmens from the Urmiah are
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Just as the Turkish conquests of Ar
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differentiation it remains true, no
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northward (into Georgia) . The naxa
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and overwhelmingly Armenian in the
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members and these "fiefdoms" quickl
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p. The politleal, social and econom
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The establishment of Turkish politi
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them "Armenians" . However, it must
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8 the Saljuq sultans and rulers of
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Saljuq architecture not only took a
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9 Maakaberdelle not only commanded
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Th» great demographic, military, a
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9 before the Georgians (HP p. 50).
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his pursuers and had, in fact, died
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97 first penetration of the Mongols
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etrospect, this Mongol campaign, co
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different parts of the Caucasus unt
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Page 113 and 114: of Ganjak, Lori, and Tiflis in whic
Page 115 and 116: had lasted seven years. Not only di
Page 117 and 118: However, none of the enemy entered
Page 119 and 120: As will be aeen in the next chapter
Page 121 and 122: their base in Azarbaijan, but retur
Page 123 and 124: The defeat of the Saljuqs at K3se D
Page 125 and 126: formal taxes had been imposed on Ar
Page 127 and 128: of the Great Khan Gtiytik himself,
Page 129 and 130: king wanted to rebel with all the p
Page 131 and 132: causes of the unrest remained unadd
Page 133 and 134: Another administrative change occur
Page 135 and 136: This unruly group also caused much
Page 137 and 138: Dawit', son of Lasa, who was subjec
Page 139 and 140: During the reign of Htilegtt'a son
Page 141 and 142: their particular districts were exp
Page 143 and 144: sons and all his company of soldier
Page 145 and 146: It is a known fact that at the time
Page 147 and 148: Hie depredations in Georgia and Arm
Page 149 and 150: Among the ephemeral changes institu
Page 151 and 152: Following the death of Abu Sa'id in
Page 153 and 154: north to Khan Jani-3eg of the Golde
Page 155 and 156: eturned north via Shirvan. With the
Page 157 and 158: either the registers were extermina
Page 159 and 160: The country hardly had recovered fr
Page 161: Although the focus of this chapter
Page 165 and 166: Toumanoff . Host important, the ess
Page 167 and 168: It is not .our purpose here (and in
Page 169 and 170: inscription (1215) of one meeatun.
Page 171 and 172: Unlike the territorial units of Ars
Page 173 and 174: 165 Under the jurisdiction of atabe
Page 175 and 176: married to Vaxt'ang lord of lagen d
Page 177 and 178: The Kaxarars and the Invasions of t
Page 179 and 180: was unwilling . The Armenian and Ge
Page 181 and 182: ut at least in one instance, the po
Page 183 and 184: Mongols is recounted variously by t
Page 185 and 186: GA: "Thereafter when the wise princ
Page 187 and 188: enriched specifically after crushin
Page 189 and 190: In theory as well as in practice, t
Page 191 and 192: ...How [the Khan] gave to king Davi
Page 193 and 194: MSngke: ...With Sartakh was the pio
Page 195 and 196: Some naxarara—notably those enjoy
Page 197 and 198: elc'i, HttlegU utilized Armenian me
Page 199 and 200: During the Mongol domination de-nax
Page 201 and 202: Aibula Gageli, and Sargls T'mogveli
Page 203 and 204: expendable, they usually designated
Page 205 and 206: military man XarsayiS Orbelean by A
Page 207 and 208: troops remained on alert in Mughan
Page 209 and 210: next year, Zak'are was murdered „
Page 211 and 212: The initial Mongol expedition of 12
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elements in the army learned about
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villages around Melitene/Malatya ,
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part* of the Armenian highlands, at
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itions of Nauruz (1295/96) during t
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Hat* was captured by Turkmans in 13
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and western Armenia were used almos
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dinars ae set down in the registers
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Bayburt and Sebastia/SivasJ Qara-Qo
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lands to religious establishments u
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_ Remember too that your brother, t
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come to his aid against the lurk, a
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through Naxijewan, Juia, through A*
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is Italy are not unknown. In the 14
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The sane may be true of Malak'ia's
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The Timurids forced certain princes
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in aouthweatern Armenia in the earl
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At the beginning of this chapter it
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CONCLUSION Thia study has examined
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destroy and move on had to be fough
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The nobility of the Zak'arid reviva
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..cOur own analysis justifies [Zore
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submerged by the egalitariansio of
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APPENDIX A Supplementary Hotea on t
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er hayreneac * iwroc * yawura nora)
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The emigration of Armenians to Geor
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to counter Orbelean influence by ad
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The Armenophile David III who ruled
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While the study concerns the 13-14t
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eparapet" in the sources . As Babay
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Xalbakean-Froeeani. Babayan reasona
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Patron Xawfas, son of Aair Sargis,
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1291 to 1318 a system of collegial
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Sfflbat may have had elements of an
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The birth of their son Demitre crea
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the king's action, reminiscent of E
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According to the History of K'art *
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especially those living and working
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A third source of conflict came fro
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APPENDIX C Hotea on the Relations b
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his student Kirakos, and many other
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were possessed by devils and were s
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fhe fact that Hasan, subsequently "
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impostor claimed that: ...he had be
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la my opinion, the lord mentioned a
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I. Sources Bibliography AL Aristake
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Ibn Bibi Ibn Bibi, Die Seltsohukeng
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Trans. : Collection d1historians ar
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II. Literature Abelyan, M., Erker [
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301 Sotsial 'no-akonomicheskaia i p
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Galatyan, A.G., "The Conquest of Ar
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Manandyan, H.A., Feodalizma hin Hay
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Sahnazarean, A., "Zak'arean tohmi c
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'uriyan, H.G., "Sah-i-Armenner CThe
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amir-hejub amir-spaaalar kat'oiikos
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