TURKOMANS BETWEEN TWO EMPIRES: THE ... - Bilkent University

NOTE ON TRANSLITERATION
Source materials quoted in the present dissertation are predominantly either in
Ottoman Turkish or in a western language (English, French, German) translated from
Persian. As for the second group I use the translated texts without any change or
modification. For the texts in Ottoman Turkish I follow modern Turkish orthography
with the diacritical marks listed below.
For “ayn” (ع) and “hamza” (ء), I use “ ‘ ” and “ ’ ” (‘avārız, re‘āya, tābi‘, kāri’)
For long “a, i, u” (ﺎﻓ,ﻰﺑ , ), I use “ ‾ ” (qādi, ulemā, Bitlisī)
Arabic izāfe in Arabic and Persian texts is transcribed as “al-” like āmir al-umerā,
while in Turkish texts it is transcribed as “u’l-” like Saffatu’s-safa. Persian izāfe in all
texts is transcribed as “-i” like mekteb-i kebīr.
In the Ottoman Turkish texts, for the terms and names that are used in Turkish –
without regarding the origin of the word -, modern Turkish orthography is used and
diacritical marks are omitted except in the two cases explained above. In the
meantime, words and proper nouns that have a generally recognized English form,
such as “shaykh, shah, pasha, qādi, waqf, ulemā, Qizilbash, Bektashi,” etc., are
anglicized. For place names and the names of historic personages outside the
Ottoman realm, such as “Baghdad, Ardabil, Tabriz, Junayd” etc., the generally
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