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could not accept such a situation because of the apparent reasons. Consequently, a fierce but unspoken struggle was going on along the borders: the Ottoman administration levied every possible measures, even the most severe ones, in order to cut off every sort of connection between the shah and his Anatolian disciples while qizilbashes resorted to every possible means to maintain communication with the ‘other side’. It was because of this that Ismail’s every westward movement was stirring both the qizilbash groups of Anatolia and the Ottoman administration. Meanwhile, the correspondence between the two rulers had been carried on in a peaceful and respectful frame. Some of Ismail’s actions, however, seem to be deliberately intended to jeopardize some of his plans, which would displease Bayezid II. His treatment against Bayezid’s ambassador, whom he forced to witness the execution of some leading sunni scholars and to eat pork, might be regarded in this perspective. His policy was, indeed, not a stable and straight forward; but he pursued quite a pragmatic strategy, fluctuating in accordance to the circumstances. As for his intentions on the Ottoman territories, without a doubt he had ambitions on some Ottoman provinces, especially on the regions that his disciples intensely populated. But sources do not record any deliberate attacks by him. In fact, it was not logical for Ismail to attack such a great power in a period which he was still consolidating his power. A rather pragmatic strategy was to maintain peace on the one hand, and to carry on ‘fifth column activities’ among Ottoman subjects on the other. This was the exact policy that Ismail followed against the Ottomans. So it doesn’t seem very probable that Ismail planned an invasion within Ottoman lands in 1507. Nonetheless, whether he planned to invade Ottoman provinces or not, what is certain from contemporary sources is that the Ottomans perceived such a threat. Comprehensive 337
military measures in eastern provinces evidently show that Ottoman administration considered this possibility seriously. 1108 But Bayezid II, for some reasons, did not pursue a decisive policy against Ismail. Contemporary accounts clearly reveal that he had serious suspicion of Ismail’s faith, actions, and intentions. Nevertheless, the Ottoman Sultan always avoided open confrontation with the young ruler of Persia, perhaps fearing the possible ideological influence of the shah on his own soldiers. 1109 After staying one month in Sivas, Ismail realized that he could not meet Anatolian disciples. Kemalpaşazāde states that neither any cavalry nor any infantry joined Ismail’s army. 1110 He returned disappointedly and marched on the Dulkadir territories. He first arrived in Kayseri, then entered Maraş and Elbistan. 1111 Alauddevle did not have enough force to oppose Ismail and fled to Turna Dağı. It was almost impossible to capture the fortress on this mountain for it was very precipitous. Ismail surrounded the mountain. Although Alauddevle had enough provision, the winter was at the door and snow had already fallen on the mountain. If Ismail would have kept the siege long, Alauddevle’s situation might have gotten worse. He appealed for help from both Bayezid and the sultan of Egypt. The Mamluk sultan did not respond to this appeal for he was afraid of Ismail’s possible attacks on his own country. 1112 Thanks to Bayezid’s decision to take more dissuasive measures against Ismail’s rising power, Alauddevle escaped from the wrath of the Shah. Bayezid II replied to his 1108 Compare TNSB, pp. 242-3. 1109 As wee learn from contemporary sources, the doctrinal influence of the shah was not ignorable especially among akinci gāzis. See “Çaldıran” in this study. 1110 “Muhāliften ve muvāfıktan süvār ü piyāde kimse varmaz gördi” KPZ8a, p. 254. 1111 Ismail entered the country of Dulkadir on July 29, 1507. See NIT, p. 197. 1112 KPZ8a, p. 256. 338
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TURKOMANS BETWEEN TWO EMPIRES: THE
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TURKOMANS BETWEEN TWO EMPIRES: THE
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ABSTRACT TURKOMANS BETWEEN TWO EMPI
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ÖZET ĐKĐ ĐMPARATORLUK ARASINDA
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Before everything
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AA Eskandar B
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Selim-nâme Literature, Berlin: Kla
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NOTE ON TRANSLITERATION Source mate
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TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT………
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8.4. The Persecution of Anatolian Q
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and feeding the qizilbash sentiment
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Needless to say, the emergence, mol
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accumulation of power soon made the
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glories of the Ottoman army. Toward
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in the second half of the sixteenth
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the role of the Sufis of Lāhijan i
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Çağatay Uluçay’s three article
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Lastly, as for the main characteris
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no.790. The whole collection has be
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of this last section is open to spe
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struggle between two powers is refl
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Selim to the throne in April 24, 15
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Apart from these Selim-nāmes, Hayd
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1.2.2. Safavid Sources The Safavid
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above. More interesting is that the
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1.2.3. Italian Sources When Shah Is
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CHAPTER II A THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK:
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settled tribes in several parts of
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were alien. These sedentary neighbo
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So, in Barfield’s terminology, th
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elations on kinship basis. 105 The
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a map of real blood bonds. He notif
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economic dependence on non-tribal s
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Furthermore, the office, an imperso
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shown, for the purpose of the prese
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in tribal or sub-tribal societies b
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community to whom he/she belongs. I
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One other substantial basis subsidi
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along with many other historians an
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Let us rob them together. But if yo
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ureaucracy, and sophisticated socia
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One may safely argue that the proce
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transformation of the beylik from t
Page 87 and 88:
interconnected, for the tribal warr
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groups merged in time and turned in
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On the other hand, reliable sources
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end of the fourteenth century or in
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hagiographies 203 genuinely reflect
Page 97 and 98:
Turkoman begs. On one occasion Osma
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Umur and said, “From now on call
Page 101 and 102:
friend of Kızıldeli amongst the f
Page 103 and 104:
creed was a syncretism composed of
Page 105 and 106:
ather it merged into the Bektashi O
Page 107 and 108:
One should note that in the late th
Page 109 and 110:
Indeed, in the first half of the fo
Page 111 and 112:
Turkoman warriors to Osman’s ento
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Ottomans took advantage of sedentar
Page 115 and 116:
organized on tribal basis, but loya
Page 117 and 118:
army. Orhan learns the method from
Page 119 and 120:
the Turkish language and culture. A
Page 121 and 122:
One should also note that the Janis
Page 123 and 124:
dynasty. 277 Aşıkpaşazāde’s e
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3.2.2. The Rise of the Ottoman Elit
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and other danişmends as immediate
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Comes either for a hope of a minist
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statesmen appeared in the course of
Page 133 and 134:
the realm” or “nizām-ı ālem
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As Đnalcık formulized long ago, t
Page 137 and 138:
made it difficult to govern them. 3
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paradoxically constitutes one of th
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useless, even harmful, act and rega
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to transform the state still bearin
Page 145 and 146:
to obey the law, Rüstem, replies:
Page 147 and 148:
Most of the events mentioned in the
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period, and tribal chiefs. However,
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of the empire; their loyal akıncı
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of foremost akıncı dynasties like
Page 155 and 156:
historians employ the term ‘Türk
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transformed into modest ‘re’āy
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Turgutlu tribe. 365 As will be deli
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the death of Kasım Beg, his comman
Page 163 and 164:
Contemporary sources clearly indica
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As already delineated, Mehmed II fi
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3.4. CONCLUSION By the second half
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CHAPTER IV TURKOMANS AND THE SAFAVI
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write a satisfactory history of the
Page 173 and 174:
Safa offers plentiful information a
Page 175 and 176:
lessings of His Holy Exhalations!)
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“région turcophone”. 432 Despi
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dignity of Aaron (Hārūn) the magn
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prisoners, upon becoming Safavid di
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siege, Timur’s forces managed to
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far. 469 During Shaykh Ibrahim’s
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4.2. SHAYKH JUNAYD (1447-1460): TUR
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to Shah Ismail and his descendants.
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devoted to explaining how this tran
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einforced by marrying with the daug
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Mohammedan law, oppressing learned
Page 197 and 198:
A comprehensive risāle preserved i
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according to the anonymous writer,
Page 201 and 202:
the following pages I will analyze,
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Shaikh Safī’s children, the whol
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literature, which is summarized abo
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Ardabil and with his disciples in o
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historians that the Ottomans dispat
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on Erzincan and Sivas; the latter,
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that the copied books were availabl
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of the four true sects, in which sh
Page 217 and 218:
Haydar, and Shah Ismā’īl merely
Page 219 and 220:
However, the foot-prints of this do
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mastership or merit in Sufism. Furt
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strong foot-hold among them. Warrio
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danger only by leaving behind all h
Page 227 and 228:
first in 1335 and second in 1348. 5
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So, putting these two facts togethe
Page 231 and 232:
4.2.4.5. The Aqqoyunlu Palace: Legi
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Junayd to legitimize his already em
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manner against Shaykh Junayd, but h
Page 237 and 238:
4.3. SHAYKH HAYDAR (1460-1488): THE
Page 239 and 240:
tune down the devoted extremism tha
Page 241 and 242:
subjects.” 649 Khunjī goes furth
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was the customary gear in those day
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was in 1484 and the Shaykh’s real
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Then Farruhyasar finished his lette
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avoid one’s fate.” 692 Likewise
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“especially [with] his lieutenant
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‘savage-like’ pastoral nomads a
Page 255 and 256:
looked upon the shaykh as their qib
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Despites all his sunni biases, his
Page 259 and 260:
during the Haydar’s term as well.
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temporal and spiritual authority; t
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‘new’ here is nothing other tha
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5.1. THE CONCEALMENT PERIOD: PREPER
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in 1493, he welcomed them in Tabriz
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other things, but since they were n
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his enemies with 300 qizilbash devo
Page 273 and 274:
Ismail stayed approximately four an
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maintaining the communication and n
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5.1.3. The Advent (Hurūj) of Ismai
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account; but mistakenly narrates as
Page 281 and 282:
The anonymous author then recites t
Page 283 and 284:
servants to bring his own sword, wh
Page 285 and 286:
would conquer all Iran and Azarbaij
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5.2. ISMAIL’S ASCENDANCE TO POWER
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eği kaçdı. Tebriz’i yağma etd
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of Jahanshah Karakoyunlu, in Gökç
Page 293 and 294:
communication between fighting qizi
Page 295 and 296:
Abdi Beg Shamlu with 200 and 300 fi
Page 297 and 298:
quelques caractéristiques typiquem
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eign of Shah Ismail, married the si
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traditional structure, who were not
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arriving group (tribe or oymaq) and
Page 305 and 306: ody of the Safavid army. Each han a
Page 307 and 308: power. 934 By pretending so, Ismail
Page 309 and 310: such as Muhammad Han Ustaclu, Abdi
Page 311 and 312: education and training, their privi
Page 313 and 314: father of Muhammad Han Ustaclu, fel
Page 315 and 316: 5.2.3. Ismail’s Second War: the T
Page 317 and 318: Alvand Mirza barely managed to flee
Page 319 and 320: Muhammad Zakariya, who had been the
Page 321 and 322: not one of them alive!” 987 As Br
Page 323 and 324: those great āmirs during both batt
Page 325 and 326: kurmışlardı. Zalām-ı şām-ı
Page 327 and 328: a messenger to the governor of Siva
Page 329 and 330: Eyle olsa ol taifenin hakikat-i hā
Page 331 and 332: Zamanla akrabası demin dava etmekd
Page 333 and 334: communication with the other side,
Page 335 and 336: terms usually nomadic tribes becaus
Page 337 and 338: Kemalpaşazāde reports that some o
Page 339 and 340: were confused about the disciples o
Page 341 and 342: villages became devoid of people. 1
Page 343 and 344: evenue sources remained the same. A
Page 345 and 346: Side (Şark Cānibi), i.e. Iran. 10
Page 347 and 348: argues that the real reason of Isma
Page 349 and 350: Nonetheless, the connection between
Page 351 and 352: the Ottoman Empire 1086 , to protes
Page 353 and 354: capture some principal Dulkadir for
Page 355: who was found on the way going to I
Page 359 and 360: confront Ismail’s forces. 1117 Ho
Page 361 and 362: The Ottomans, on the other hand, ke
Page 363 and 364: not the Ottomans. This being the ca
Page 365 and 366: ground for the enthronement of Seli
Page 367 and 368: stratified social structure on top
Page 369 and 370: According to the Ottoman court hist
Page 371 and 372: doomsday’. 1158 The people of Ana
Page 373 and 374: igorously deem both Ismail and the
Page 375 and 376: the command of Karagöz Pasha and s
Page 377 and 378: Ottoman realm had totally vanished;
Page 379 and 380: only the temporal benefits offered
Page 381 and 382: is that they set fire to even cāmi
Page 383 and 384: messianism. 1203 It is not coincide
Page 385 and 386: to the aforesaid Il he performed ma
Page 387 and 388: According to Hasan-ı Rumlu, Şahku
Page 389 and 390: sermon. During his sermon the shayk
Page 391 and 392: of the Order. One feels legitimized
Page 393 and 394: We learn from this document that Ş
Page 395 and 396: khalifas, launch a campaign on Otto
Page 397 and 398: the framework of the Ottoman domest
Page 399 and 400: disease and fell devoid of timar.
Page 401 and 402: Kızıloğlu, Köleoğlu, Mehmed Be
Page 403 and 404: eport that Şahkulu’s force was r
Page 405 and 406: At the beginning, Şahkulu gathered
Page 407 and 408:
the rebellion clearly reveal his ul
Page 409 and 410:
successfully created a revolutionar
Page 411 and 412:
to convince the head of the Janissa
Page 413 and 414:
against his two brothers. Ahmed dem
Page 415 and 416:
governors and of Karagöz Pasha, bu
Page 417 and 418:
strongly believed in suppressing th
Page 419 and 420:
arrival of a messenger from the Por
Page 421 and 422:
soldiers behind; 1347 he chose 500
Page 423 and 424:
he was not killed and did not go to
Page 425 and 426:
and arrived there before the Anatol
Page 427 and 428:
the otaga on and prostrated ‘acco
Page 429 and 430:
As for the first one, one may attri
Page 431 and 432:
Kütahya seems to be the turning po
Page 433 and 434:
Show me a small corner of hospice s
Page 435 and 436:
CHAPTER VII THE QIZILBASH FACTOR IN
Page 437 and 438:
Although one might partially attrib
Page 439 and 440:
diplomacy and some other with coerc
Page 441 and 442:
7.1.3. Second Confrontation: Assaul
Page 443 and 444:
olub ol senkīn kayalardan çıkub,
Page 445 and 446:
Another aspect of Selim-Ismail stru
Page 447 and 448:
was appointed as governor of Kefe.
Page 449 and 450:
was at the same time regarded as th
Page 451 and 452:
Ahmed in such a degree that Ahmed
Page 453 and 454:
that his valuable activities were n
Page 455 and 456:
should be remembered that Ahmed was
Page 457 and 458:
Vizier Ali Pasha was assigned to su
Page 459 and 460:
August 3, 1511 (Cemāzī I 8, 911).
Page 461 and 462:
not yet attached to Qizilbash movem
Page 463 and 464:
would be the next sultan, their est
Page 465 and 466:
and old age while his subjects fell
Page 467 and 468:
Istanbul throughout his journey. As
Page 469 and 470:
an oath that they would accept the
Page 471 and 472:
But the most effective branch of Ot
Page 473 and 474:
sultan 1551 , the Janissaries’ di
Page 475 and 476:
Ahmed began to behave as if he had
Page 477 and 478:
instead of Amasya can be accounted
Page 479 and 480:
however, different. After Selim pro
Page 481 and 482:
were the champions of the oppositio
Page 483 and 484:
Janissaries, there was another mili
Page 485 and 486:
Taceddin Beg, who was the Karaman B
Page 487 and 488:
ve yardım ona kılsun kim inşaall
Page 489 and 490:
7.2.3. Prince Murad, Nur Ali Khalif
Page 491 and 492:
qizilbashes of Anatolia had conside
Page 493 and 494:
Sultan Ahmed sent troops against th
Page 495 and 496:
According to Idrīs, and some other
Page 497 and 498:
Shah. Celalzāde says, on the other
Page 499 and 500:
included him in his suit. Then they
Page 501 and 502:
yağmaladıkları mukarrer. Sultan
Page 503 and 504:
governor of Sivas. 1639 So Kemalpa
Page 505 and 506:
meantime, two Safavid khalifs, Şah
Page 507 and 508:
ādem cem’ idüb Sultan Musa üze
Page 509 and 510:
Mehmed’s letter clarifies two cru
Page 511 and 512:
Şadi Beg says that Ismail warned D
Page 513 and 514:
next spring. The qizilbash propagan
Page 515 and 516:
Dulkadir. 1679 Of course Taş-ili,
Page 517 and 518:
this idea and tore the letter from
Page 519 and 520:
CHAPTER VIII ÇALDIRAN, 1514: THE A
Page 521 and 522:
disclaim their tendency since the o
Page 523 and 524:
strong public expectations indicate
Page 525 and 526:
saru renkden ihtirāz olundığı g
Page 527 and 528:
group. Indeed, the Ottoman sultans
Page 529 and 530:
Selim-nāme authors unanimously nar
Page 531 and 532:
Selim, as reflected in Şükrī’s
Page 533 and 534:
Idrīs also emphasizes this point a
Page 535 and 536:
advises Sultan Selim that the ‘re
Page 537 and 538:
he blamed the statesmen and the sch
Page 539 and 540:
also appears another word which wou
Page 541 and 542:
Solakzāde states that Ismail made
Page 543 and 544:
their opinion about the legitimacy
Page 545 and 546:
to the statesmen as participants of
Page 547 and 548:
the qizilbashes and dispersing them
Page 549 and 550:
sentiments among the Ottoman elite
Page 551 and 552:
it repeats the name of the author,
Page 553 and 554:
about the identity of Hamza. He cla
Page 555 and 556:
or ‘Mevlāna Arab’. 1786 His fa
Page 557 and 558:
mission for himself. Taşköprizād
Page 559 and 560:
fanatic anti-qizilbash stand was li
Page 561 and 562:
already discussed the despising att
Page 563 and 564:
of ulemā must have written fetvās
Page 565 and 566:
that Süleyman I waged a campaign o
Page 567 and 568:
damned until doomsday.” 1817 Then
Page 569 and 570:
population. 1821 Although this rati
Page 571 and 572:
the people to be killed. The number
Page 573 and 574:
egister, he would be aware of the s
Page 575 and 576:
Lütfi Çelebi veled-i Bazarluoğlu
Page 577 and 578:
Dülbendbastı Ali Amasiyye Ahmed .
Page 579 and 580:
qizilbash movements, and those who
Page 581 and 582:
Kasım (?) Karye-i Hallar Torul cen
Page 583 and 584:
joining Shah Ismail’s suite durin
Page 585 and 586:
ut also from its content reflecting
Page 587 and 588:
to the faces of Muslims, fused the
Page 589 and 590:
Rumelia to Anatolia where they coop
Page 591 and 592:
however, provisional anxieties were
Page 593 and 594:
my intentions in the beginning of m
Page 595 and 596:
Ismail’s letter annoyed Selim so
Page 597 and 598:
hunger and thirst! 1900 The situati
Page 599 and 600:
Then Sultan Selim favored this sugg
Page 601 and 602:
efore the Ottomans had time to comp
Page 603 and 604:
miğfer ve cevşen ü siper māni
Page 605 and 606:
made to marry Tāc-zāde Cafer Chel
Page 607 and 608:
CHAPTER IX THE AFTERMATH: THE WANIN
Page 609 and 610:
important consequence was that it b
Page 611 and 612:
defeat of Çaldıran, the qizilbash
Page 613 and 614:
These contemporary accounts clearly
Page 615 and 616:
abandoned in practice their unquest
Page 617 and 618:
depersonalization of political auth
Page 619 and 620:
development marked a decisive step
Page 621 and 622:
Khalifa, just like the office of ā
Page 623 and 624:
Muhammad Hudabende; the post of lal
Page 625 and 626:
success emerged. Nonetheless, none
Page 627 and 628:
Temam, when Sultan Selim proceeded
Page 629 and 630:
community within the Ottoman Empire
Page 631 and 632:
egion. 2016 Thenceforth, ‘unortho
Page 633 and 634:
the fading of the political and mil
Page 635 and 636:
lead. 2024 The vakıf of the tekke
Page 637 and 638:
administration tolerated and even e
Page 639 and 640:
social units maintaining a low degr
Page 641 and 642:
CHAPTER X CONCLUSION In the broades
Page 643 and 644:
is obvious that the expansion of th
Page 645 and 646:
synthesized at the cross-section of
Page 647 and 648:
as major ‘qizilbash zones’ and
Page 649 and 650:
territories, from then on the qizil
Page 651 and 652:
Mehmed b. Mehmed el-Fenārī eş-ş
Page 653 and 654:
Feridun Bey, Münşeât-ı Selātin
Page 655 and 656:
Menâkıb-ı Sultan Bayezid Han, Bi
Page 657 and 658:
Tevarih-i Al-i Osman (Die altosmani
Page 659 and 660:
Aslanoğlu, Đbrahim, Şah Đsmail
Page 661 and 662:
Bacqué-Grammont, Jean-Louis, “Sa
Page 663 and 664:
Baykara, Tuncay, “Yatağan’da A
Page 665 and 666:
Cahen, Claude, “Le problème du S
Page 667 and 668:
Eberhard, Elke, Osmanische Polemik
Page 669 and 670:
Fisher, Sydney Nettleton,The Foreig
Page 671 and 672:
Gölpınarlı, Abdülbaki, “Fazlu
Page 673 and 674:
Đnalcık, Halil, "Osmanlılar’da
Page 675 and 676:
and Society, Bloomington: Indiana U
Page 677 and 678:
Kissling, “Osmanlı Đmparatorlu
Page 679 and 680:
Lindner, Rudi Paul, Nomads and Otto
Page 681 and 682:
Mélikoff, Irène, “La Montagne e
Page 683 and 684:
Newman, Andrew, “The Myth of Cler
Page 685 and 686:
Ocak, Ahmet Yaşar, “Syncrétisme
Page 687 and 688:
Pastoral Production and Societies,
Page 689 and 690:
Sarıkaya, Saffet, XIII-XVI. Asırl
Page 691 and 692:
Stephane Yérasimos, La Foundation
Page 693 and 694:
Tapper, Richard, “Anthropologists
Page 695 and 696:
Ünal, Mehmet Ali, XVI. Yüzyılda
Page 697 and 698:
APPENDIX A: CHRONOLOGY 1326 The dea
Page 699 and 700:
1505 Ismail's ambassador in Istanbu
Page 701 and 702:
APPENDIX B: A SELECT LIST OF DOCUME
Page 703 and 704:
E 5483 Halep Melikü'l-ümerası Ha
Page 705 and 706:
E 6384 Sadi Paşa'nın isyancılar
Page 707 and 708:
E 8350 E 8505 E 8758 E 8922 E 8923
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