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As for the other tribes, members of the Tekelu came from the Teke region. 914 The Varsaq 915 tribe was living in the region of Adana-Tarsus, and the Turgud 916 were in the Karaman and Taş-eli region. Afshar was a great Turkoman tribe scattered in Anatolia (Rūm), Azerbaijan, Fars, Persian Iraq, Kirman, Khorasan, and Arabian Iraq. 917 To conclude, it obviously appears that an overwhelming majority of Ismail’s followers were coming from the Ottoman territories. 918 There is a complete list of Ismail’s army, possibly during the battle of Çaldıran 919 , in Şahnāme-i Āl-i Osman 920 housed in Topkapı Sarayı Kütüphanesi. Şahnāme says when Shah Ismail rose up, a great number of people from several countries gathered around him. Then the Shah assigned a person as the leader of each pertaining to Rumlu is that only for this oymaq it needs to bring an expression that some of this oymaq were nomads and some of them were sedentary. See Tarīh-i Kızılbaşān, pp. 11, 25-6. 914 Tarīh-i Kızılbaşān gives the homeland of this oymaq as Menteşe Đli, Aydın Đli, Hamid Đli, and Germiyan Đli. See Tarīh-i Kızılbaşān, p. 27. After 11 years, the qizilbashes of Teke would revolt against the Ottoman authority in the name of the Shah. This revolt will be evaluated in detail. 915 It is said that several folk-singers at Shah Ismail’s court used to sing Varsaqī songs in order to arose the motivation of warriors. See Youssef-Jamālī, The Life and Personality of Shāh Ismā’īl I, p. 60. Faruk Sümer states it is recorded with red ink in the Ottoman survey registers (tahrir) during the reign of Suleyman the Magnificent that many Varsaq from the region of Adana and Taurus became qizilbash and went to Iran. See Sümer, Safevî Devletinin Kuruluşu, p. 50; Tarīh-i Kızılbaşān, p. 40. For further reading on Varsaq see Faruk Sümer, “Çukur-Ova Tarihine Dâir Araştırmalar”, Tarih Araştırmaları, I, sayı. I, 70- 98; Ali Sinan Bilgili, Osmanlı döneminde Tarsus Sancağı ve Tarsus Türkmenleri: sosyo-ekonomik tarih, Ankara: Kültür Bakanlığı Yayınları, 2001; idem, “Tarsus Türkmenleri (Varsaklar)”, Anadolu’da ve Rumeli’de Yörükler ve Türkmenler Sempozyumu Bildirileri, haz. Tufan Gündüz, Ankara, 2000, 9-49; Đlhan Şahin, “Kırşehir Bölgesinde Varsaklar”, in his Osmanlı Döneminde Konar-Göçerler, Đstanbul: Eren, 2006, 165-172. 916 For further reading on Turgud see M. Zeki Oral, “Turgut oğulları, eserleri-vakfiyeleri”, Vakıflar Dergisi, 3, 1956, 31-64; “Turgut oğulları”, IV. Türk Tarih Kongresi 1948, Ankara, 1952, 140-158; Faruk Sümer, “Turgutlular”, IA. 917 Sümer, Safevî Devletinin Kuruluşu, pp. 98-100; Youssef-Jamālī, The Life and Personality of Shāh Ismā’īl I, p. 54. (Quotes from Bustān al-Siyāha); Tarīh-i Kızılbaşān, pp. 51-6. 918 For further discussion of geographical, cultural, and ethnical origins of those tribes constituting the backbone of Ismail’s army see Sümer, Safevî Devletinin Kuruluşu, pp. 43-56; Youssef-Jamālī, The Life and Personality of Shāh Ismā’īl I, pp. 48-64. 919 See footnotes below. 920 Mehmed b. Mehmed el-Fenārī eş-şehir bī Ta’līkī-zāde, Şahnāme-i Āl-i Osman, manuscript, Topkapı Sarayı Kütüphanesi, III. Ahmed Kitaplığı, 3592. Şahnāme-i Āl-i Osman, alias Şemāilnāme-i Āl-i Osman is a book devoted to explaining the virtues of the Ottoman Sultans until Murad III (1574-95). The author writes his name in fol. 9a as Mehmed b. Mehmed el-Fenārī eş-şehir bī Ta’līkī-zāde. He says he was assigned as court historian (şehnâmeci) by Murad III. Thus his work must have been completed in the period between 1574 and 1595. Ta’līkī-zāde died in 1599-1600. See Fehmi Edhem Karatay, Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi Türkçe Yazmalar Kataloğu, Đstanbul, 1961, p. 371. 283
arriving group (tribe or oymaq) and the others were put under his command. By this way, the Shah founded his army. 921 According to Şahnāme, Ismail’s army was composed of a total of seventeen oymaqs, each providing Kurçis 922 and ordinary soldiers to the army. The complete list is given in Table 5.1. 923 Table 5.1. The List of Qizilbash Oymaqs OYMAQ NEFERAN KURÇIYAN Ustaclu 6100 400 Ekrad-ı Seyyid Mansur 845 150 Afşar 7400 400 Bayburtlu 375 400 Bayatlu 1500 Tekelü 5000 300 Ereşlu ve Talişlu 6500 150 Türkman 6700 400 Çepni (neferan+kurçiyan) 1300 Hacılar 1200 921 Şahnāme, fol. 87a. 922 For “Kurçi”, see following paragraph. 923 See Şahnāme, fols. 87a-87b. 284
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TURKOMANS BETWEEN TWO EMPIRES: THE
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TURKOMANS BETWEEN TWO EMPIRES: THE
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ABSTRACT TURKOMANS BETWEEN TWO EMPI
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ÖZET ĐKĐ ĐMPARATORLUK ARASINDA
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Before everything
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AA Eskandar B
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Selim-nâme Literature, Berlin: Kla
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NOTE ON TRANSLITERATION Source mate
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TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT………
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8.4. The Persecution of Anatolian Q
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and feeding the qizilbash sentiment
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Needless to say, the emergence, mol
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accumulation of power soon made the
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glories of the Ottoman army. Toward
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in the second half of the sixteenth
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the role of the Sufis of Lāhijan i
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Çağatay Uluçay’s three article
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Lastly, as for the main characteris
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no.790. The whole collection has be
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of this last section is open to spe
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struggle between two powers is refl
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Selim to the throne in April 24, 15
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Apart from these Selim-nāmes, Hayd
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1.2.2. Safavid Sources The Safavid
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above. More interesting is that the
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1.2.3. Italian Sources When Shah Is
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CHAPTER II A THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK:
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settled tribes in several parts of
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were alien. These sedentary neighbo
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So, in Barfield’s terminology, th
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elations on kinship basis. 105 The
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a map of real blood bonds. He notif
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economic dependence on non-tribal s
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Furthermore, the office, an imperso
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shown, for the purpose of the prese
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in tribal or sub-tribal societies b
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community to whom he/she belongs. I
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One other substantial basis subsidi
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along with many other historians an
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Let us rob them together. But if yo
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ureaucracy, and sophisticated socia
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One may safely argue that the proce
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transformation of the beylik from t
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interconnected, for the tribal warr
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groups merged in time and turned in
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On the other hand, reliable sources
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end of the fourteenth century or in
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hagiographies 203 genuinely reflect
Page 97 and 98:
Turkoman begs. On one occasion Osma
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Umur and said, “From now on call
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friend of Kızıldeli amongst the f
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creed was a syncretism composed of
Page 105 and 106:
ather it merged into the Bektashi O
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One should note that in the late th
Page 109 and 110:
Indeed, in the first half of the fo
Page 111 and 112:
Turkoman warriors to Osman’s ento
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Ottomans took advantage of sedentar
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organized on tribal basis, but loya
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army. Orhan learns the method from
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the Turkish language and culture. A
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One should also note that the Janis
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dynasty. 277 Aşıkpaşazāde’s e
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3.2.2. The Rise of the Ottoman Elit
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and other danişmends as immediate
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Comes either for a hope of a minist
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statesmen appeared in the course of
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the realm” or “nizām-ı ālem
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As Đnalcık formulized long ago, t
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made it difficult to govern them. 3
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paradoxically constitutes one of th
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useless, even harmful, act and rega
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to transform the state still bearin
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to obey the law, Rüstem, replies:
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Most of the events mentioned in the
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period, and tribal chiefs. However,
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of the empire; their loyal akıncı
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of foremost akıncı dynasties like
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historians employ the term ‘Türk
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transformed into modest ‘re’āy
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Turgutlu tribe. 365 As will be deli
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the death of Kasım Beg, his comman
Page 163 and 164:
Contemporary sources clearly indica
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As already delineated, Mehmed II fi
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3.4. CONCLUSION By the second half
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CHAPTER IV TURKOMANS AND THE SAFAVI
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write a satisfactory history of the
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Safa offers plentiful information a
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lessings of His Holy Exhalations!)
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“région turcophone”. 432 Despi
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dignity of Aaron (Hārūn) the magn
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prisoners, upon becoming Safavid di
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siege, Timur’s forces managed to
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far. 469 During Shaykh Ibrahim’s
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4.2. SHAYKH JUNAYD (1447-1460): TUR
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to Shah Ismail and his descendants.
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devoted to explaining how this tran
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einforced by marrying with the daug
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Mohammedan law, oppressing learned
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A comprehensive risāle preserved i
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according to the anonymous writer,
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the following pages I will analyze,
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Shaikh Safī’s children, the whol
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literature, which is summarized abo
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Ardabil and with his disciples in o
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historians that the Ottomans dispat
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on Erzincan and Sivas; the latter,
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that the copied books were availabl
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of the four true sects, in which sh
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Haydar, and Shah Ismā’īl merely
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However, the foot-prints of this do
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mastership or merit in Sufism. Furt
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strong foot-hold among them. Warrio
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danger only by leaving behind all h
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first in 1335 and second in 1348. 5
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So, putting these two facts togethe
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4.2.4.5. The Aqqoyunlu Palace: Legi
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Junayd to legitimize his already em
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manner against Shaykh Junayd, but h
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4.3. SHAYKH HAYDAR (1460-1488): THE
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tune down the devoted extremism tha
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subjects.” 649 Khunjī goes furth
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was the customary gear in those day
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was in 1484 and the Shaykh’s real
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Then Farruhyasar finished his lette
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avoid one’s fate.” 692 Likewise
Page 251 and 252: “especially [with] his lieutenant
Page 253 and 254: ‘savage-like’ pastoral nomads a
Page 255 and 256: looked upon the shaykh as their qib
Page 257 and 258: Despites all his sunni biases, his
Page 259 and 260: during the Haydar’s term as well.
Page 261 and 262: temporal and spiritual authority; t
Page 263 and 264: ‘new’ here is nothing other tha
Page 265 and 266: 5.1. THE CONCEALMENT PERIOD: PREPER
Page 267 and 268: in 1493, he welcomed them in Tabriz
Page 269 and 270: other things, but since they were n
Page 271 and 272: his enemies with 300 qizilbash devo
Page 273 and 274: Ismail stayed approximately four an
Page 275 and 276: maintaining the communication and n
Page 277 and 278: 5.1.3. The Advent (Hurūj) of Ismai
Page 279 and 280: account; but mistakenly narrates as
Page 281 and 282: The anonymous author then recites t
Page 283 and 284: servants to bring his own sword, wh
Page 285 and 286: would conquer all Iran and Azarbaij
Page 287 and 288: 5.2. ISMAIL’S ASCENDANCE TO POWER
Page 289 and 290: eği kaçdı. Tebriz’i yağma etd
Page 291 and 292: of Jahanshah Karakoyunlu, in Gökç
Page 293 and 294: communication between fighting qizi
Page 295 and 296: Abdi Beg Shamlu with 200 and 300 fi
Page 297 and 298: quelques caractéristiques typiquem
Page 299 and 300: eign of Shah Ismail, married the si
Page 301: traditional structure, who were not
Page 305 and 306: ody of the Safavid army. Each han a
Page 307 and 308: power. 934 By pretending so, Ismail
Page 309 and 310: such as Muhammad Han Ustaclu, Abdi
Page 311 and 312: education and training, their privi
Page 313 and 314: father of Muhammad Han Ustaclu, fel
Page 315 and 316: 5.2.3. Ismail’s Second War: the T
Page 317 and 318: Alvand Mirza barely managed to flee
Page 319 and 320: Muhammad Zakariya, who had been the
Page 321 and 322: not one of them alive!” 987 As Br
Page 323 and 324: those great āmirs during both batt
Page 325 and 326: kurmışlardı. Zalām-ı şām-ı
Page 327 and 328: a messenger to the governor of Siva
Page 329 and 330: Eyle olsa ol taifenin hakikat-i hā
Page 331 and 332: Zamanla akrabası demin dava etmekd
Page 333 and 334: communication with the other side,
Page 335 and 336: terms usually nomadic tribes becaus
Page 337 and 338: Kemalpaşazāde reports that some o
Page 339 and 340: were confused about the disciples o
Page 341 and 342: villages became devoid of people. 1
Page 343 and 344: evenue sources remained the same. A
Page 345 and 346: Side (Şark Cānibi), i.e. Iran. 10
Page 347 and 348: argues that the real reason of Isma
Page 349 and 350: Nonetheless, the connection between
Page 351 and 352: the Ottoman Empire 1086 , to protes
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capture some principal Dulkadir for
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who was found on the way going to I
Page 357 and 358:
military measures in eastern provin
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confront Ismail’s forces. 1117 Ho
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The Ottomans, on the other hand, ke
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not the Ottomans. This being the ca
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ground for the enthronement of Seli
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stratified social structure on top
Page 369 and 370:
According to the Ottoman court hist
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doomsday’. 1158 The people of Ana
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igorously deem both Ismail and the
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the command of Karagöz Pasha and s
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Ottoman realm had totally vanished;
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only the temporal benefits offered
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is that they set fire to even cāmi
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messianism. 1203 It is not coincide
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to the aforesaid Il he performed ma
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According to Hasan-ı Rumlu, Şahku
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sermon. During his sermon the shayk
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of the Order. One feels legitimized
Page 393 and 394:
We learn from this document that Ş
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khalifas, launch a campaign on Otto
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the framework of the Ottoman domest
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disease and fell devoid of timar.
Page 401 and 402:
Kızıloğlu, Köleoğlu, Mehmed Be
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eport that Şahkulu’s force was r
Page 405 and 406:
At the beginning, Şahkulu gathered
Page 407 and 408:
the rebellion clearly reveal his ul
Page 409 and 410:
successfully created a revolutionar
Page 411 and 412:
to convince the head of the Janissa
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against his two brothers. Ahmed dem
Page 415 and 416:
governors and of Karagöz Pasha, bu
Page 417 and 418:
strongly believed in suppressing th
Page 419 and 420:
arrival of a messenger from the Por
Page 421 and 422:
soldiers behind; 1347 he chose 500
Page 423 and 424:
he was not killed and did not go to
Page 425 and 426:
and arrived there before the Anatol
Page 427 and 428:
the otaga on and prostrated ‘acco
Page 429 and 430:
As for the first one, one may attri
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Kütahya seems to be the turning po
Page 433 and 434:
Show me a small corner of hospice s
Page 435 and 436:
CHAPTER VII THE QIZILBASH FACTOR IN
Page 437 and 438:
Although one might partially attrib
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diplomacy and some other with coerc
Page 441 and 442:
7.1.3. Second Confrontation: Assaul
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olub ol senkīn kayalardan çıkub,
Page 445 and 446:
Another aspect of Selim-Ismail stru
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was appointed as governor of Kefe.
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was at the same time regarded as th
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Ahmed in such a degree that Ahmed
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that his valuable activities were n
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should be remembered that Ahmed was
Page 457 and 458:
Vizier Ali Pasha was assigned to su
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August 3, 1511 (Cemāzī I 8, 911).
Page 461 and 462:
not yet attached to Qizilbash movem
Page 463 and 464:
would be the next sultan, their est
Page 465 and 466:
and old age while his subjects fell
Page 467 and 468:
Istanbul throughout his journey. As
Page 469 and 470:
an oath that they would accept the
Page 471 and 472:
But the most effective branch of Ot
Page 473 and 474:
sultan 1551 , the Janissaries’ di
Page 475 and 476:
Ahmed began to behave as if he had
Page 477 and 478:
instead of Amasya can be accounted
Page 479 and 480:
however, different. After Selim pro
Page 481 and 482:
were the champions of the oppositio
Page 483 and 484:
Janissaries, there was another mili
Page 485 and 486:
Taceddin Beg, who was the Karaman B
Page 487 and 488:
ve yardım ona kılsun kim inşaall
Page 489 and 490:
7.2.3. Prince Murad, Nur Ali Khalif
Page 491 and 492:
qizilbashes of Anatolia had conside
Page 493 and 494:
Sultan Ahmed sent troops against th
Page 495 and 496:
According to Idrīs, and some other
Page 497 and 498:
Shah. Celalzāde says, on the other
Page 499 and 500:
included him in his suit. Then they
Page 501 and 502:
yağmaladıkları mukarrer. Sultan
Page 503 and 504:
governor of Sivas. 1639 So Kemalpa
Page 505 and 506:
meantime, two Safavid khalifs, Şah
Page 507 and 508:
ādem cem’ idüb Sultan Musa üze
Page 509 and 510:
Mehmed’s letter clarifies two cru
Page 511 and 512:
Şadi Beg says that Ismail warned D
Page 513 and 514:
next spring. The qizilbash propagan
Page 515 and 516:
Dulkadir. 1679 Of course Taş-ili,
Page 517 and 518:
this idea and tore the letter from
Page 519 and 520:
CHAPTER VIII ÇALDIRAN, 1514: THE A
Page 521 and 522:
disclaim their tendency since the o
Page 523 and 524:
strong public expectations indicate
Page 525 and 526:
saru renkden ihtirāz olundığı g
Page 527 and 528:
group. Indeed, the Ottoman sultans
Page 529 and 530:
Selim-nāme authors unanimously nar
Page 531 and 532:
Selim, as reflected in Şükrī’s
Page 533 and 534:
Idrīs also emphasizes this point a
Page 535 and 536:
advises Sultan Selim that the ‘re
Page 537 and 538:
he blamed the statesmen and the sch
Page 539 and 540:
also appears another word which wou
Page 541 and 542:
Solakzāde states that Ismail made
Page 543 and 544:
their opinion about the legitimacy
Page 545 and 546:
to the statesmen as participants of
Page 547 and 548:
the qizilbashes and dispersing them
Page 549 and 550:
sentiments among the Ottoman elite
Page 551 and 552:
it repeats the name of the author,
Page 553 and 554:
about the identity of Hamza. He cla
Page 555 and 556:
or ‘Mevlāna Arab’. 1786 His fa
Page 557 and 558:
mission for himself. Taşköprizād
Page 559 and 560:
fanatic anti-qizilbash stand was li
Page 561 and 562:
already discussed the despising att
Page 563 and 564:
of ulemā must have written fetvās
Page 565 and 566:
that Süleyman I waged a campaign o
Page 567 and 568:
damned until doomsday.” 1817 Then
Page 569 and 570:
population. 1821 Although this rati
Page 571 and 572:
the people to be killed. The number
Page 573 and 574:
egister, he would be aware of the s
Page 575 and 576:
Lütfi Çelebi veled-i Bazarluoğlu
Page 577 and 578:
Dülbendbastı Ali Amasiyye Ahmed .
Page 579 and 580:
qizilbash movements, and those who
Page 581 and 582:
Kasım (?) Karye-i Hallar Torul cen
Page 583 and 584:
joining Shah Ismail’s suite durin
Page 585 and 586:
ut also from its content reflecting
Page 587 and 588:
to the faces of Muslims, fused the
Page 589 and 590:
Rumelia to Anatolia where they coop
Page 591 and 592:
however, provisional anxieties were
Page 593 and 594:
my intentions in the beginning of m
Page 595 and 596:
Ismail’s letter annoyed Selim so
Page 597 and 598:
hunger and thirst! 1900 The situati
Page 599 and 600:
Then Sultan Selim favored this sugg
Page 601 and 602:
efore the Ottomans had time to comp
Page 603 and 604:
miğfer ve cevşen ü siper māni
Page 605 and 606:
made to marry Tāc-zāde Cafer Chel
Page 607 and 608:
CHAPTER IX THE AFTERMATH: THE WANIN
Page 609 and 610:
important consequence was that it b
Page 611 and 612:
defeat of Çaldıran, the qizilbash
Page 613 and 614:
These contemporary accounts clearly
Page 615 and 616:
abandoned in practice their unquest
Page 617 and 618:
depersonalization of political auth
Page 619 and 620:
development marked a decisive step
Page 621 and 622:
Khalifa, just like the office of ā
Page 623 and 624:
Muhammad Hudabende; the post of lal
Page 625 and 626:
success emerged. Nonetheless, none
Page 627 and 628:
Temam, when Sultan Selim proceeded
Page 629 and 630:
community within the Ottoman Empire
Page 631 and 632:
egion. 2016 Thenceforth, ‘unortho
Page 633 and 634:
the fading of the political and mil
Page 635 and 636:
lead. 2024 The vakıf of the tekke
Page 637 and 638:
administration tolerated and even e
Page 639 and 640:
social units maintaining a low degr
Page 641 and 642:
CHAPTER X CONCLUSION In the broades
Page 643 and 644:
is obvious that the expansion of th
Page 645 and 646:
synthesized at the cross-section of
Page 647 and 648:
as major ‘qizilbash zones’ and
Page 649 and 650:
territories, from then on the qizil
Page 651 and 652:
Mehmed b. Mehmed el-Fenārī eş-ş
Page 653 and 654:
Feridun Bey, Münşeât-ı Selātin
Page 655 and 656:
Menâkıb-ı Sultan Bayezid Han, Bi
Page 657 and 658:
Tevarih-i Al-i Osman (Die altosmani
Page 659 and 660:
Aslanoğlu, Đbrahim, Şah Đsmail
Page 661 and 662:
Bacqué-Grammont, Jean-Louis, “Sa
Page 663 and 664:
Baykara, Tuncay, “Yatağan’da A
Page 665 and 666:
Cahen, Claude, “Le problème du S
Page 667 and 668:
Eberhard, Elke, Osmanische Polemik
Page 669 and 670:
Fisher, Sydney Nettleton,The Foreig
Page 671 and 672:
Gölpınarlı, Abdülbaki, “Fazlu
Page 673 and 674:
Đnalcık, Halil, "Osmanlılar’da
Page 675 and 676:
and Society, Bloomington: Indiana U
Page 677 and 678:
Kissling, “Osmanlı Đmparatorlu
Page 679 and 680:
Lindner, Rudi Paul, Nomads and Otto
Page 681 and 682:
Mélikoff, Irène, “La Montagne e
Page 683 and 684:
Newman, Andrew, “The Myth of Cler
Page 685 and 686:
Ocak, Ahmet Yaşar, “Syncrétisme
Page 687 and 688:
Pastoral Production and Societies,
Page 689 and 690:
Sarıkaya, Saffet, XIII-XVI. Asırl
Page 691 and 692:
Stephane Yérasimos, La Foundation
Page 693 and 694:
Tapper, Richard, “Anthropologists
Page 695 and 696:
Ünal, Mehmet Ali, XVI. Yüzyılda
Page 697 and 698:
APPENDIX A: CHRONOLOGY 1326 The dea
Page 699 and 700:
1505 Ismail's ambassador in Istanbu
Page 701 and 702:
APPENDIX B: A SELECT LIST OF DOCUME
Page 703 and 704:
E 5483 Halep Melikü'l-ümerası Ha
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E 6384 Sadi Paşa'nın isyancılar
Page 707 and 708:
E 8350 E 8505 E 8758 E 8922 E 8923
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TURKOMANS BETWEEN TWO EMPIRES: THE ... - Bilkent University

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