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Algar, Hamid, “Bektaşi ve Đran: Temaslar ve Bağlantılar”, Türkiye’de Aleviler, Bektaşiler, Nusayriler, Đstanbul, 1999, 135-150. Algar, Hamid, “Some Observations on Religion in Safavid Persia”, in T. Naff and R. Owen, eds., Studies in Eighteenth Century Islamic History, Carbondale, Ill., 1977, 287-293. Algar, Hamid, “The Hurufi influence on Bektashism”, Bektachiyya: Etudes sur l'ordre mystique des Bektachis et les groupes relevant de Hadji Bektach, eds. Alexandre Popovic-Giles Veinstein, Đstanbul : ISIS Press, 1996, 39-53. Allen, W.E.D, A History of the Georgian People, London, 1932. Altundağ, Şinasi, “Selim I”, IA, XI, 423-434. Amitai, Reuven, “Turko-Mongolian Nomads and the Iqta System in the Islamic Middle East, ca. 1000-1400 AD’, Nomads in the Sedentary World, Anatoly M. Khazanov and Andre Wink, eds., Surrey: Curzon Press, 2001, pp. 152-180. Amoretti, B.S., “Religion in the Timurid and Safavid Periods”, Cambridge History of Iran, 6, ed., Peter Jackson, Cambridge,1993, 610-55. Araslı, H. Memmedov Ezizaga, Shah Ismayil Khetai, Eserleri. I-II, Baku 1966-73. Arıkan, Zeki, XV-XVI. Yüzyıllarda Hamit Sancağı, Đzmir, 1988. Arjomand, S., “Religion, Political Actioin, and Legitimate Domination in Shi’ite Iran”, European Journal of Sociology, 20, 1979, 59-109. Arjomand, Said Amir, “Two Decrees of Shāh Tahmāsp Concerning Statecraft and the Authority of Shaykh ‘Ali Al-Karakī”, in Authority and Political Culture in Schi’ism, edited by Said Amir Arjomand, New York: State <strong>University</strong> of New York Press, 1988, 250-262. Arjomand, Said Amir, The Shadow of God and the Hidden Imam, Religion, Political Order, and Societal Change in Shi’ite Iran from Beginning to 1890, Chicago, London: <strong>University</strong> of Chicago Press, 1984. Arjomand, Said Amir, “Religious Extremism (Ghuluww): Sufism and Sunnism in Safavid Iran”, Journal of Asian History, 15 (1981), 1-35. Arslanoğlu, Đbrahim, Pir Sultan Abdal, Đstanbul, 1984. Arslanoğlu, Đbrahim, Şah Đsmail Hatayî ve Anadolu Hatayîleri, Đstanbul, 1992. Arslanoğlu, Đbrahim, Yazarı Belli Olmayan Bir Fütüvvetname, Ankara: Kültür Bakanlığı Yayınları, 1997. 639
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TURKOMANS BETWEEN TWO EMPIRES: THE
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TURKOMANS BETWEEN TWO EMPIRES: THE
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ABSTRACT TURKOMANS BETWEEN TWO EMPI
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ÖZET ĐKĐ ĐMPARATORLUK ARASINDA
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Before everything
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AA Eskandar B
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Selim-nâme Literature, Berlin: Kla
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NOTE ON TRANSLITERATION Source mate
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TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT………
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8.4. The Persecution of Anatolian Q
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and feeding the qizilbash sentiment
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Needless to say, the emergence, mol
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accumulation of power soon made the
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glories of the Ottoman army. Toward
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in the second half of the sixteenth
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the role of the Sufis of Lāhijan i
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Çağatay Uluçay’s three article
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Lastly, as for the main characteris
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no.790. The whole collection has be
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of this last section is open to spe
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struggle between two powers is refl
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Selim to the throne in April 24, 15
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Apart from these Selim-nāmes, Hayd
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1.2.2. Safavid Sources The Safavid
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above. More interesting is that the
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1.2.3. Italian Sources When Shah Is
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CHAPTER II A THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK:
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settled tribes in several parts of
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were alien. These sedentary neighbo
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So, in Barfield’s terminology, th
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elations on kinship basis. 105 The
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a map of real blood bonds. He notif
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economic dependence on non-tribal s
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Furthermore, the office, an imperso
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shown, for the purpose of the prese
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in tribal or sub-tribal societies b
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community to whom he/she belongs. I
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One other substantial basis subsidi
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along with many other historians an
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Let us rob them together. But if yo
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ureaucracy, and sophisticated socia
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One may safely argue that the proce
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transformation of the beylik from t
Page 87 and 88:
interconnected, for the tribal warr
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groups merged in time and turned in
Page 91 and 92:
On the other hand, reliable sources
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end of the fourteenth century or in
Page 95 and 96:
hagiographies 203 genuinely reflect
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Turkoman begs. On one occasion Osma
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Umur and said, “From now on call
Page 101 and 102:
friend of Kızıldeli amongst the f
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creed was a syncretism composed of
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ather it merged into the Bektashi O
Page 107 and 108:
One should note that in the late th
Page 109 and 110:
Indeed, in the first half of the fo
Page 111 and 112:
Turkoman warriors to Osman’s ento
Page 113 and 114:
Ottomans took advantage of sedentar
Page 115 and 116:
organized on tribal basis, but loya
Page 117 and 118:
army. Orhan learns the method from
Page 119 and 120:
the Turkish language and culture. A
Page 121 and 122:
One should also note that the Janis
Page 123 and 124:
dynasty. 277 Aşıkpaşazāde’s e
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3.2.2. The Rise of the Ottoman Elit
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and other danişmends as immediate
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Comes either for a hope of a minist
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statesmen appeared in the course of
Page 133 and 134:
the realm” or “nizām-ı ālem
Page 135 and 136:
As Đnalcık formulized long ago, t
Page 137 and 138:
made it difficult to govern them. 3
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paradoxically constitutes one of th
Page 141 and 142:
useless, even harmful, act and rega
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to transform the state still bearin
Page 145 and 146:
to obey the law, Rüstem, replies:
Page 147 and 148:
Most of the events mentioned in the
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period, and tribal chiefs. However,
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of the empire; their loyal akıncı
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of foremost akıncı dynasties like
Page 155 and 156:
historians employ the term ‘Türk
Page 157 and 158:
transformed into modest ‘re’āy
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Turgutlu tribe. 365 As will be deli
Page 161 and 162:
the death of Kasım Beg, his comman
Page 163 and 164:
Contemporary sources clearly indica
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As already delineated, Mehmed II fi
Page 167 and 168:
3.4. CONCLUSION By the second half
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CHAPTER IV TURKOMANS AND THE SAFAVI
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write a satisfactory history of the
Page 173 and 174:
Safa offers plentiful information a
Page 175 and 176:
lessings of His Holy Exhalations!)
Page 177 and 178:
“région turcophone”. 432 Despi
Page 179 and 180:
dignity of Aaron (Hārūn) the magn
Page 181 and 182:
prisoners, upon becoming Safavid di
Page 183 and 184:
siege, Timur’s forces managed to
Page 185 and 186:
far. 469 During Shaykh Ibrahim’s
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4.2. SHAYKH JUNAYD (1447-1460): TUR
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to Shah Ismail and his descendants.
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devoted to explaining how this tran
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einforced by marrying with the daug
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Mohammedan law, oppressing learned
Page 197 and 198:
A comprehensive risāle preserved i
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according to the anonymous writer,
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the following pages I will analyze,
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Shaikh Safī’s children, the whol
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literature, which is summarized abo
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Ardabil and with his disciples in o
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historians that the Ottomans dispat
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on Erzincan and Sivas; the latter,
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that the copied books were availabl
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of the four true sects, in which sh
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Haydar, and Shah Ismā’īl merely
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However, the foot-prints of this do
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mastership or merit in Sufism. Furt
Page 223 and 224:
strong foot-hold among them. Warrio
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danger only by leaving behind all h
Page 227 and 228:
first in 1335 and second in 1348. 5
Page 229 and 230:
So, putting these two facts togethe
Page 231 and 232:
4.2.4.5. The Aqqoyunlu Palace: Legi
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Junayd to legitimize his already em
Page 235 and 236:
manner against Shaykh Junayd, but h
Page 237 and 238:
4.3. SHAYKH HAYDAR (1460-1488): THE
Page 239 and 240:
tune down the devoted extremism tha
Page 241 and 242:
subjects.” 649 Khunjī goes furth
Page 243 and 244:
was the customary gear in those day
Page 245 and 246:
was in 1484 and the Shaykh’s real
Page 247 and 248:
Then Farruhyasar finished his lette
Page 249 and 250:
avoid one’s fate.” 692 Likewise
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“especially [with] his lieutenant
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‘savage-like’ pastoral nomads a
Page 255 and 256:
looked upon the shaykh as their qib
Page 257 and 258:
Despites all his sunni biases, his
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during the Haydar’s term as well.
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temporal and spiritual authority; t
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‘new’ here is nothing other tha
Page 265 and 266:
5.1. THE CONCEALMENT PERIOD: PREPER
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in 1493, he welcomed them in Tabriz
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other things, but since they were n
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his enemies with 300 qizilbash devo
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Ismail stayed approximately four an
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maintaining the communication and n
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5.1.3. The Advent (Hurūj) of Ismai
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account; but mistakenly narrates as
Page 281 and 282:
The anonymous author then recites t
Page 283 and 284:
servants to bring his own sword, wh
Page 285 and 286:
would conquer all Iran and Azarbaij
Page 287 and 288:
5.2. ISMAIL’S ASCENDANCE TO POWER
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eği kaçdı. Tebriz’i yağma etd
Page 291 and 292:
of Jahanshah Karakoyunlu, in Gökç
Page 293 and 294:
communication between fighting qizi
Page 295 and 296:
Abdi Beg Shamlu with 200 and 300 fi
Page 297 and 298:
quelques caractéristiques typiquem
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eign of Shah Ismail, married the si
Page 301 and 302:
traditional structure, who were not
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arriving group (tribe or oymaq) and
Page 305 and 306:
ody of the Safavid army. Each han a
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power. 934 By pretending so, Ismail
Page 309 and 310:
such as Muhammad Han Ustaclu, Abdi
Page 311 and 312:
education and training, their privi
Page 313 and 314:
father of Muhammad Han Ustaclu, fel
Page 315 and 316:
5.2.3. Ismail’s Second War: the T
Page 317 and 318:
Alvand Mirza barely managed to flee
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Muhammad Zakariya, who had been the
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not one of them alive!” 987 As Br
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those great āmirs during both batt
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kurmışlardı. Zalām-ı şām-ı
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a messenger to the governor of Siva
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Eyle olsa ol taifenin hakikat-i hā
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Zamanla akrabası demin dava etmekd
Page 333 and 334:
communication with the other side,
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terms usually nomadic tribes becaus
Page 337 and 338:
Kemalpaşazāde reports that some o
Page 339 and 340:
were confused about the disciples o
Page 341 and 342:
villages became devoid of people. 1
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evenue sources remained the same. A
Page 345 and 346:
Side (Şark Cānibi), i.e. Iran. 10
Page 347 and 348:
argues that the real reason of Isma
Page 349 and 350:
Nonetheless, the connection between
Page 351 and 352:
the Ottoman Empire 1086 , to protes
Page 353 and 354:
capture some principal Dulkadir for
Page 355 and 356:
who was found on the way going to I
Page 357 and 358:
military measures in eastern provin
Page 359 and 360:
confront Ismail’s forces. 1117 Ho
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The Ottomans, on the other hand, ke
Page 363 and 364:
not the Ottomans. This being the ca
Page 365 and 366:
ground for the enthronement of Seli
Page 367 and 368:
stratified social structure on top
Page 369 and 370:
According to the Ottoman court hist
Page 371 and 372:
doomsday’. 1158 The people of Ana
Page 373 and 374:
igorously deem both Ismail and the
Page 375 and 376:
the command of Karagöz Pasha and s
Page 377 and 378:
Ottoman realm had totally vanished;
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only the temporal benefits offered
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is that they set fire to even cāmi
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messianism. 1203 It is not coincide
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to the aforesaid Il he performed ma
Page 387 and 388:
According to Hasan-ı Rumlu, Şahku
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sermon. During his sermon the shayk
Page 391 and 392:
of the Order. One feels legitimized
Page 393 and 394:
We learn from this document that Ş
Page 395 and 396:
khalifas, launch a campaign on Otto
Page 397 and 398:
the framework of the Ottoman domest
Page 399 and 400:
disease and fell devoid of timar.
Page 401 and 402:
Kızıloğlu, Köleoğlu, Mehmed Be
Page 403 and 404:
eport that Şahkulu’s force was r
Page 405 and 406:
At the beginning, Şahkulu gathered
Page 407 and 408:
the rebellion clearly reveal his ul
Page 409 and 410:
successfully created a revolutionar
Page 411 and 412:
to convince the head of the Janissa
Page 413 and 414:
against his two brothers. Ahmed dem
Page 415 and 416:
governors and of Karagöz Pasha, bu
Page 417 and 418:
strongly believed in suppressing th
Page 419 and 420:
arrival of a messenger from the Por
Page 421 and 422:
soldiers behind; 1347 he chose 500
Page 423 and 424:
he was not killed and did not go to
Page 425 and 426:
and arrived there before the Anatol
Page 427 and 428:
the otaga on and prostrated ‘acco
Page 429 and 430:
As for the first one, one may attri
Page 431 and 432:
Kütahya seems to be the turning po
Page 433 and 434:
Show me a small corner of hospice s
Page 435 and 436:
CHAPTER VII THE QIZILBASH FACTOR IN
Page 437 and 438:
Although one might partially attrib
Page 439 and 440:
diplomacy and some other with coerc
Page 441 and 442:
7.1.3. Second Confrontation: Assaul
Page 443 and 444:
olub ol senkīn kayalardan çıkub,
Page 445 and 446:
Another aspect of Selim-Ismail stru
Page 447 and 448:
was appointed as governor of Kefe.
Page 449 and 450:
was at the same time regarded as th
Page 451 and 452:
Ahmed in such a degree that Ahmed
Page 453 and 454:
that his valuable activities were n
Page 455 and 456:
should be remembered that Ahmed was
Page 457 and 458:
Vizier Ali Pasha was assigned to su
Page 459 and 460:
August 3, 1511 (Cemāzī I 8, 911).
Page 461 and 462:
not yet attached to Qizilbash movem
Page 463 and 464:
would be the next sultan, their est
Page 465 and 466:
and old age while his subjects fell
Page 467 and 468:
Istanbul throughout his journey. As
Page 469 and 470:
an oath that they would accept the
Page 471 and 472:
But the most effective branch of Ot
Page 473 and 474:
sultan 1551 , the Janissaries’ di
Page 475 and 476:
Ahmed began to behave as if he had
Page 477 and 478:
instead of Amasya can be accounted
Page 479 and 480:
however, different. After Selim pro
Page 481 and 482:
were the champions of the oppositio
Page 483 and 484:
Janissaries, there was another mili
Page 485 and 486:
Taceddin Beg, who was the Karaman B
Page 487 and 488:
ve yardım ona kılsun kim inşaall
Page 489 and 490:
7.2.3. Prince Murad, Nur Ali Khalif
Page 491 and 492:
qizilbashes of Anatolia had conside
Page 493 and 494:
Sultan Ahmed sent troops against th
Page 495 and 496:
According to Idrīs, and some other
Page 497 and 498:
Shah. Celalzāde says, on the other
Page 499 and 500:
included him in his suit. Then they
Page 501 and 502:
yağmaladıkları mukarrer. Sultan
Page 503 and 504:
governor of Sivas. 1639 So Kemalpa
Page 505 and 506:
meantime, two Safavid khalifs, Şah
Page 507 and 508:
ādem cem’ idüb Sultan Musa üze
Page 509 and 510:
Mehmed’s letter clarifies two cru
Page 511 and 512:
Şadi Beg says that Ismail warned D
Page 513 and 514:
next spring. The qizilbash propagan
Page 515 and 516:
Dulkadir. 1679 Of course Taş-ili,
Page 517 and 518:
this idea and tore the letter from
Page 519 and 520:
CHAPTER VIII ÇALDIRAN, 1514: THE A
Page 521 and 522:
disclaim their tendency since the o
Page 523 and 524:
strong public expectations indicate
Page 525 and 526:
saru renkden ihtirāz olundığı g
Page 527 and 528:
group. Indeed, the Ottoman sultans
Page 529 and 530:
Selim-nāme authors unanimously nar
Page 531 and 532:
Selim, as reflected in Şükrī’s
Page 533 and 534:
Idrīs also emphasizes this point a
Page 535 and 536:
advises Sultan Selim that the ‘re
Page 537 and 538:
he blamed the statesmen and the sch
Page 539 and 540:
also appears another word which wou
Page 541 and 542:
Solakzāde states that Ismail made
Page 543 and 544:
their opinion about the legitimacy
Page 545 and 546:
to the statesmen as participants of
Page 547 and 548:
the qizilbashes and dispersing them
Page 549 and 550:
sentiments among the Ottoman elite
Page 551 and 552:
it repeats the name of the author,
Page 553 and 554:
about the identity of Hamza. He cla
Page 555 and 556:
or ‘Mevlāna Arab’. 1786 His fa
Page 557 and 558:
mission for himself. Taşköprizād
Page 559 and 560:
fanatic anti-qizilbash stand was li
Page 561 and 562:
already discussed the despising att
Page 563 and 564:
of ulemā must have written fetvās
Page 565 and 566:
that Süleyman I waged a campaign o
Page 567 and 568:
damned until doomsday.” 1817 Then
Page 569 and 570:
population. 1821 Although this rati
Page 571 and 572:
the people to be killed. The number
Page 573 and 574:
egister, he would be aware of the s
Page 575 and 576:
Lütfi Çelebi veled-i Bazarluoğlu
Page 577 and 578:
Dülbendbastı Ali Amasiyye Ahmed .
Page 579 and 580:
qizilbash movements, and those who
Page 581 and 582:
Kasım (?) Karye-i Hallar Torul cen
Page 583 and 584:
joining Shah Ismail’s suite durin
Page 585 and 586:
ut also from its content reflecting
Page 587 and 588:
to the faces of Muslims, fused the
Page 589 and 590:
Rumelia to Anatolia where they coop
Page 591 and 592:
however, provisional anxieties were
Page 593 and 594:
my intentions in the beginning of m
Page 595 and 596:
Ismail’s letter annoyed Selim so
Page 597 and 598:
hunger and thirst! 1900 The situati
Page 599 and 600:
Then Sultan Selim favored this sugg
Page 601 and 602:
efore the Ottomans had time to comp
Page 603 and 604:
miğfer ve cevşen ü siper māni
Page 605 and 606:
made to marry Tāc-zāde Cafer Chel
Page 607 and 608: CHAPTER IX THE AFTERMATH: THE WANIN
Page 609 and 610: important consequence was that it b
Page 611 and 612: defeat of Çaldıran, the qizilbash
Page 613 and 614: These contemporary accounts clearly
Page 615 and 616: abandoned in practice their unquest
Page 617 and 618: depersonalization of political auth
Page 619 and 620: development marked a decisive step
Page 621 and 622: Khalifa, just like the office of ā
Page 623 and 624: Muhammad Hudabende; the post of lal
Page 625 and 626: success emerged. Nonetheless, none
Page 627 and 628: Temam, when Sultan Selim proceeded
Page 629 and 630: community within the Ottoman Empire
Page 631 and 632: egion. 2016 Thenceforth, ‘unortho
Page 633 and 634: the fading of the political and mil
Page 635 and 636: lead. 2024 The vakıf of the tekke
Page 637 and 638: administration tolerated and even e
Page 639 and 640: social units maintaining a low degr
Page 641 and 642: CHAPTER X CONCLUSION In the broades
Page 643 and 644: is obvious that the expansion of th
Page 645 and 646: synthesized at the cross-section of
Page 647 and 648: as major ‘qizilbash zones’ and
Page 649 and 650: territories, from then on the qizil
Page 651 and 652: Mehmed b. Mehmed el-Fenārī eş-ş
Page 653 and 654: Feridun Bey, Münşeât-ı Selātin
Page 655 and 656: Menâkıb-ı Sultan Bayezid Han, Bi
Page 657: Tevarih-i Al-i Osman (Die altosmani
Page 661 and 662: Bacqué-Grammont, Jean-Louis, “Sa
Page 663 and 664: Baykara, Tuncay, “Yatağan’da A
Page 665 and 666: Cahen, Claude, “Le problème du S
Page 667 and 668: Eberhard, Elke, Osmanische Polemik
Page 669 and 670: Fisher, Sydney Nettleton,The Foreig
Page 671 and 672: Gölpınarlı, Abdülbaki, “Fazlu
Page 673 and 674: Đnalcık, Halil, "Osmanlılar’da
Page 675 and 676: and Society, Bloomington: Indiana U
Page 677 and 678: Kissling, “Osmanlı Đmparatorlu
Page 679 and 680: Lindner, Rudi Paul, Nomads and Otto
Page 681 and 682: Mélikoff, Irène, “La Montagne e
Page 683 and 684: Newman, Andrew, “The Myth of Cler
Page 685 and 686: Ocak, Ahmet Yaşar, “Syncrétisme
Page 687 and 688: Pastoral Production and Societies,
Page 689 and 690: Sarıkaya, Saffet, XIII-XVI. Asırl
Page 691 and 692: Stephane Yérasimos, La Foundation
Page 693 and 694: Tapper, Richard, “Anthropologists
Page 695 and 696: Ünal, Mehmet Ali, XVI. Yüzyılda
Page 697 and 698: APPENDIX A: CHRONOLOGY 1326 The dea
Page 699 and 700: 1505 Ismail's ambassador in Istanbu
Page 701 and 702: APPENDIX B: A SELECT LIST OF DOCUME
Page 703 and 704: E 5483 Halep Melikü'l-ümerası Ha
Page 705 and 706: E 6384 Sadi Paşa'nın isyancılar
Page 707 and 708: E 8350 E 8505 E 8758 E 8922 E 8923
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