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TURKOMANS BETWEEN TWO EMPIRES: THE ... - Bilkent University

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Selim, as reflected in Şükrī’s account, not only underscores the religious heresy<br />

of Ismail and his followers but also depicts them as oppressors killing true Muslims,<br />

pillaging their properties, devastating Islamic monuments, and assaulting the great<br />

symbols of (Sunni) Islam. 1719 He pictures Ismail as a great source of astray who pursued<br />

the path of evil and abandoned the order of Muhammad on Earth 1720 ; indeed, he was a<br />

See SKB, pp. 137-8. Also consider YSF, who rephrases Selim’s utterance in this divan as follows: “…<br />

Đmdi bu peyāmdan netice-i meram budur ki şark diyārın serāser kabza-i tasarrufa alan Erdebiloğlu<br />

dedikleri habīs-i lebīs nesl-i vilāyet iddiasın ide. Evbaş kesīre baş olub, yevmen fe-yevm bağī savaşın<br />

eyleye. Şahlık tahtına lihak ve selātin tahtına otak bağlamış, anın hūz u hurūf ve mürekkebāt-ı tā’tıl-ı şer’<br />

u tahlil-i muharremāt üzere mebnī olduğundan gayri mensūbe-i şeytaniyye ile nice şahı mat idüb nısf-ı<br />

kāinata ahkām yürütmüş. ... Ulemā-i din ve fukahā-i müsliminden anın hāli istihyār ve ef’āli istifsār<br />

olundukda nakilleri muvāfık, sözleri mutābık ol tāği-i bāğinin zulm ü inād ve küfre irtidādın hükm idüb,<br />

demi helāl ve kıtāli efdāl-i ā’mal olduğuna fetvā verdiler. Đmdi ol zālimin cevr-i kahırdan def’ etmeye<br />

azm eyledim. Asker çeküb üzerina varmak isterim. Görek sizin dahi re’yiniz nedir? ...” See YSF, pp. 135-<br />

9. HSE and SLZ follow similar line of narration. See HSE4, p. 170; SLZ2, pp. 14-15. Lütfi Paşa, the<br />

famous grand vizier of Suleyman I, re-phrases Sultan Selim’s utterance as follows: “Andan Sultan Selim<br />

devlet erkānlarını cem’ idüb didi kim: “Ey benim can ve gönülden müridlerim! Sizlere bu (sic) nice sözüm<br />

vardur, gözünüzü ve kulağınızı benden yana tutun. Bir sözüm budur ki cibilletimde konulan şeca’at berk<br />

urub cenk arzusun ider ve düşmana yeryüzünü tenk (ﺗ) eylemek diler. Ve bir sözüm dahi budur ki bu<br />

kadar mal ve menāl ve bu kadar esbāb ve bu kadar asker hayfā kim bunlar şöylece hāli tura!<br />

Böyle leşker, böyle haşmet kimde var Böyle meleket böyle kut kimde var<br />

Hayf kim geçmiş Feridun yohsa ben Gösterürdüm āna bezm u encümen<br />

Ve bir sözüm dahī budur ki çünki bize zıllu’l-llah ve sultan-ı ehl-i Đslam diyū lakab komuşlardur niçun ehli<br />

Đslam’a mu’īn ve hevādār olmayavuz. Ve bir sözüm dahī budur ki Şah Đsmail kanlumuzdur ki Sultan<br />

Ahmed oğlı Sultan Murad yanına varub sığındığu içün katl eyledi. Ve’l-hāsıl murad budur kim serdar-ı<br />

Acem Şeyh Haydar oğlı Şah Đsmail rıfz mezhebin ihtiyār idüb sünniler katlini gendüye ve gendü etbā’ī<br />

şeyātin-rehberlerine helal görüb mescidleri ve medreseleri oda urub küfrün gāyet revācın virüb ve din-i<br />

Đslamı gāyet zelil idüb...Andan sonra Selim vüzerāsına emr idüb “Ceddümüz Sultan Muhammed<br />

zamanında (208) Hasan dırāz üzerine ne mikdār yarak ile vardı ise siz bir nice ol kadar eylen!” diyū emr<br />

itdi.” See Lütfi Paşa, Tevārih-i Âl-i Osman, haz. ‘Âli, Đstanbul, 1341, pp. 207-8. Also consider HSE4, pp.<br />

169-170; TNSS, p. 33.<br />

1719 Such Ottoman accusations of Shah Ismail are repeated by the Venetian sources, but of course in a<br />

praising manner in this case. A report from 1502 reads, for example, “Aming [Ismail’s] notable acts, to<br />

show his contempt for the Muslim faith he brought horses into the Turkish mosques in [in Erzincan] and<br />

tied up dogs inside, and then he destroyed the mosques down to their foundations. He ordered the<br />

restoration of a Christian church, half ruined previously by the Turks, and adorned it in all solemnity. …<br />

He ordered all the Muslim books to be burned, persuading the people that they must abandon the vain and<br />

false Muslim tenets and adore the living God. …” Sanuto, I Diarii, 4: 485-9, quoted in Palmira Brummett,<br />

“The Myth of Shah Ismail Safavi: Political Rhetoric and ‘Divine’ Kinship”, in Medieval Christian<br />

Perceptions of Islam, edited by John Victor Tolan, New York, London: Garland Publishing, 1996, p. 342.<br />

Ludovico d’Varthema, another Venetian source writes, “[Ismail] was going through the country putting<br />

everywhere to fire and flame; and especially killed all those who believed in Bubachar [Abu Bakr] and<br />

Othman [Uthman] and Aumur [Umar].” Quoted in Brummett, p.343.<br />

1720 Similarly in his letter (fetih-nāme), which was written after the battle of Çaldıran, to Süleyman, Selim<br />

narrates the prelude of the battle as follows: “Before embarking the battle, I have sent my messengers to<br />

Ismail who declared him his fallacious faith. They also affirmed that the rightly guided religious scholars<br />

agreed on his blasphemy and issued sanctions for the execution of him and his followers. I have informed<br />

him on that because of above-mentioned reasons, cleaning his dirty presence from the surface of earth<br />

512

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