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contemporary report, twenty sufis gathered around Murad in Amasya. They entered the city by repelling religious scholars (hocalar) and commanders (paşalar); and they conducted outrages there as well. After killing lots of people (most probably from among sunni population), they moved with Sultan Murad to Geldigelen. 1635 Yusuf also reports that after recognizing the real goals and nature of qizilbashes, Murad regretted because of his adherence to the qizilbash movement. He arrived at such a decision in consultation with Kara Iskender and Mihmanoğlu, one of his captains. His commanders were in fear and looking for a suitable opportunity to flee. Yusuf also records a hearsay that the secret intention of the Sufi was to execute Murad’s commander and tutor. Yusuf says that “they are still gathering. Their intention after gathering in full numbers is said to go to Dulkadir country. … The son of Ahmed Çelebi [Murad] arrived in Amasya and sent a tāc to the qādi of Amasya ordering him to put on. On receiving, the qādi wore it by saying ‘it is the sultanic order!’” The Turkish text of Yusuf’s report runs, Eğer bu diyarın ahvālinden istifsar buyurulursa, şimdiki halde harabe müteveccih oldu. Sultan Murad etrāf-ı aleme ulak salup kande kızılbaş var ise yanına cem eyledi. (Muharrem ayının aharında) haber olundu, beş altı güne değin Geldigelen ovasına on bin vardır derler cem oldu. Meğer ki Đsa Halife oğlu derlerdi Çorumda bir oğlan var idi. Sultan Ahmed bu diyardan gitdüği vakit Sultan Murad habs etmişdi. Anı koyuverdi. Başlarının biri ol ve biri dahi Davud Halife oğlu derler Đskilip diyarında ne mikdar sofu varsa kimi gitdi, dahi gidiyor. Bir evde ne mikdar erkek adem var ise hepsi gitdi. Aslıhan Ağa’nın da bir oğlu gitdi. Ve kenduya dahi taç geldi. Bir oğluyla dahi kendu gitmek sadedindedir. Askeri yirmi otuz binden fark etmez derler. Cem oldukları yerde olan köyleri soydular. Çorum kadısı Amasya’dan gelürmüş, bir bölük sofuya uğramış. Dutup soymuşlar nesi var ise aldukdan sonra bir elin kesmişler. Türkman beglerinden Zünnun Beg derler imiş üzerine adem seçmişler. Kendusu duyub kaçmış. Taalukatını kırub rızkını ve esbābını almışlar. Barak Beg oğlunun dahi evini yağmalamışlar deyu haber geldi. Yağluca dahi etrafında olan köyleri 1635 “… Amasya’da yirmi bin sofu cem’ olub nice müslümanları ehl-i ilimden ve halvetī olan kimesnelerden katl etdiler. Sultan Murad’ı alub Geldigelen’e götürdüler. Anda dahi fesād-ı azim etdiler. Hocaların ve paşaların kaçırub şehre girdiler…” TSA, document E 6522. 481
yağmaladıkları mukarrer. Sultan Murad dahi içlerine gelub girmedi. Amma bu gün yarın gelür, taç örter (urunur), Şah’a secde eder derler. Sürhserin bu asıl hareketini görüp cemiyetlerine nazar edicek etdiğü (ne) sonra peşiman olmuşdur derler. Meğer ki bu fikri bu tedbiri bir kendu ve bir Kara Đskender derler ve biri dahi kendu çavuşlarından Mihmanoğlu derlermiş, bu üçünün fikriyle ve tedbiriyle olmuş. Paşaları havf edüb bu gün yarın fırsat bulurlarsa kaçarlar. Ve hem sofunun kasdı varımış ki paşalarını ve hocasını katletmeğe. Şimdiki halde dahi cem olunmak üzerindedir. Tamam oldukdan sonra Alaüddevle üzerine gider derler. Hak teala kemal-i lütfundan bu zalemei def edemezse ehl-i Đslamın hali bu diyarda gayet mükedderdir. Amma es-seyf ve amma el-küfr deyub dururlar. Ahmed Çelebi oğlu Amasya’da olageldi kendusu Amasya kadısına taç gönderdi, örtsün (urunsun) deyu. Ol dahi almış, emr-i padişahidir örtelüm (urundum) demiş. Bu babda şol ki beyan vaki dir arz olundu. Baki emr hazretinize mufavvazdır. Veddua kema yelik Yusuf 1636 Murad assigned Kara Iskender to the governorship of Iskilip. Then the dwellers of the city were terrorized; some of them fled to mountains and some others took shelter in the fortress of the city. They sent message to Ahmed requesting help. On learning the situation Ahmed dispatched an army of ten thousand soldiers under the command of Davud Pasha and Kızıl Ahmed-oğlı. The report from which this information is derived was written when this army was on the way. In the meantime, the army of sufis arrived in Sivas by setting the region on their way on fire and sent a messenger to the Shah. 1637 The proceeding of Ahmed’s troops under the command of Davud Pasha and Kızıl Ahmed-oğlı is not recorded in this document, and unfortunately not in any other documents known to us. But Kemalpaşazāde’s account seems to complete the story. As delineated above, Kemalpaşazāde states that when the plunders and outrages of qizilbashes heavily burdened the local population, Ahmed sent troops against these 1636 TSA, document E 7292. Almost all text is also published in ULCY2, pp. 129-30. 1637 “…Ve Đskilib’i Kara Đskender’e verdi. Đl ve şehir ürküb kimi dağa ve kimi kaleye girdiler. Sultan Ahmed’e ulaklar gitdi. Feryat etdiler. Ol dahi on bin ademle Davud Paşa oğluyla ve Kızıl Ahmed oğluyla asker gönderdi. Yolda gelür derler. Nebi Halife bu vechile haber getürdü. Ve sofu askeri şimdi yıka yıka Sivas’a çıkub Şah’a elçi gönderdiler. Bu diyarın ahvali bir dürlü dahi oldu. Ehl-i Đslam muhatarada ve tehlikede kaldı…“ TSA, document E 6522. 482
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TURKOMANS BETWEEN TWO EMPIRES: THE
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TURKOMANS BETWEEN TWO EMPIRES: THE
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ABSTRACT TURKOMANS BETWEEN TWO EMPI
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ÖZET ĐKĐ ĐMPARATORLUK ARASINDA
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Before everything
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AA Eskandar B
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Selim-nâme Literature, Berlin: Kla
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NOTE ON TRANSLITERATION Source mate
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TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT………
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8.4. The Persecution of Anatolian Q
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and feeding the qizilbash sentiment
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Needless to say, the emergence, mol
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accumulation of power soon made the
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glories of the Ottoman army. Toward
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in the second half of the sixteenth
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the role of the Sufis of Lāhijan i
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Çağatay Uluçay’s three article
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Lastly, as for the main characteris
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no.790. The whole collection has be
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of this last section is open to spe
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struggle between two powers is refl
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Selim to the throne in April 24, 15
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Apart from these Selim-nāmes, Hayd
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1.2.2. Safavid Sources The Safavid
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above. More interesting is that the
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1.2.3. Italian Sources When Shah Is
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CHAPTER II A THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK:
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settled tribes in several parts of
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were alien. These sedentary neighbo
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So, in Barfield’s terminology, th
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elations on kinship basis. 105 The
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a map of real blood bonds. He notif
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economic dependence on non-tribal s
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Furthermore, the office, an imperso
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shown, for the purpose of the prese
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in tribal or sub-tribal societies b
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community to whom he/she belongs. I
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One other substantial basis subsidi
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along with many other historians an
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Let us rob them together. But if yo
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ureaucracy, and sophisticated socia
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One may safely argue that the proce
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transformation of the beylik from t
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interconnected, for the tribal warr
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groups merged in time and turned in
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On the other hand, reliable sources
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end of the fourteenth century or in
Page 95 and 96:
hagiographies 203 genuinely reflect
Page 97 and 98:
Turkoman begs. On one occasion Osma
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Umur and said, “From now on call
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friend of Kızıldeli amongst the f
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creed was a syncretism composed of
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ather it merged into the Bektashi O
Page 107 and 108:
One should note that in the late th
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Indeed, in the first half of the fo
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Turkoman warriors to Osman’s ento
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Ottomans took advantage of sedentar
Page 115 and 116:
organized on tribal basis, but loya
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army. Orhan learns the method from
Page 119 and 120:
the Turkish language and culture. A
Page 121 and 122:
One should also note that the Janis
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dynasty. 277 Aşıkpaşazāde’s e
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3.2.2. The Rise of the Ottoman Elit
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and other danişmends as immediate
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Comes either for a hope of a minist
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statesmen appeared in the course of
Page 133 and 134:
the realm” or “nizām-ı ālem
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As Đnalcık formulized long ago, t
Page 137 and 138:
made it difficult to govern them. 3
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paradoxically constitutes one of th
Page 141 and 142:
useless, even harmful, act and rega
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to transform the state still bearin
Page 145 and 146:
to obey the law, Rüstem, replies:
Page 147 and 148:
Most of the events mentioned in the
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period, and tribal chiefs. However,
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of the empire; their loyal akıncı
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of foremost akıncı dynasties like
Page 155 and 156:
historians employ the term ‘Türk
Page 157 and 158:
transformed into modest ‘re’āy
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Turgutlu tribe. 365 As will be deli
Page 161 and 162:
the death of Kasım Beg, his comman
Page 163 and 164:
Contemporary sources clearly indica
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As already delineated, Mehmed II fi
Page 167 and 168:
3.4. CONCLUSION By the second half
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CHAPTER IV TURKOMANS AND THE SAFAVI
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write a satisfactory history of the
Page 173 and 174:
Safa offers plentiful information a
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lessings of His Holy Exhalations!)
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“région turcophone”. 432 Despi
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dignity of Aaron (Hārūn) the magn
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prisoners, upon becoming Safavid di
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siege, Timur’s forces managed to
Page 185 and 186:
far. 469 During Shaykh Ibrahim’s
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4.2. SHAYKH JUNAYD (1447-1460): TUR
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to Shah Ismail and his descendants.
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devoted to explaining how this tran
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einforced by marrying with the daug
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Mohammedan law, oppressing learned
Page 197 and 198:
A comprehensive risāle preserved i
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according to the anonymous writer,
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the following pages I will analyze,
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Shaikh Safī’s children, the whol
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literature, which is summarized abo
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Ardabil and with his disciples in o
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historians that the Ottomans dispat
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on Erzincan and Sivas; the latter,
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that the copied books were availabl
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of the four true sects, in which sh
Page 217 and 218:
Haydar, and Shah Ismā’īl merely
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However, the foot-prints of this do
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mastership or merit in Sufism. Furt
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strong foot-hold among them. Warrio
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danger only by leaving behind all h
Page 227 and 228:
first in 1335 and second in 1348. 5
Page 229 and 230:
So, putting these two facts togethe
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4.2.4.5. The Aqqoyunlu Palace: Legi
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Junayd to legitimize his already em
Page 235 and 236:
manner against Shaykh Junayd, but h
Page 237 and 238:
4.3. SHAYKH HAYDAR (1460-1488): THE
Page 239 and 240:
tune down the devoted extremism tha
Page 241 and 242:
subjects.” 649 Khunjī goes furth
Page 243 and 244:
was the customary gear in those day
Page 245 and 246:
was in 1484 and the Shaykh’s real
Page 247 and 248:
Then Farruhyasar finished his lette
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avoid one’s fate.” 692 Likewise
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“especially [with] his lieutenant
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‘savage-like’ pastoral nomads a
Page 255 and 256:
looked upon the shaykh as their qib
Page 257 and 258:
Despites all his sunni biases, his
Page 259 and 260:
during the Haydar’s term as well.
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temporal and spiritual authority; t
Page 263 and 264:
‘new’ here is nothing other tha
Page 265 and 266:
5.1. THE CONCEALMENT PERIOD: PREPER
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in 1493, he welcomed them in Tabriz
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other things, but since they were n
Page 271 and 272:
his enemies with 300 qizilbash devo
Page 273 and 274:
Ismail stayed approximately four an
Page 275 and 276:
maintaining the communication and n
Page 277 and 278:
5.1.3. The Advent (Hurūj) of Ismai
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account; but mistakenly narrates as
Page 281 and 282:
The anonymous author then recites t
Page 283 and 284:
servants to bring his own sword, wh
Page 285 and 286:
would conquer all Iran and Azarbaij
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5.2. ISMAIL’S ASCENDANCE TO POWER
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eği kaçdı. Tebriz’i yağma etd
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of Jahanshah Karakoyunlu, in Gökç
Page 293 and 294:
communication between fighting qizi
Page 295 and 296:
Abdi Beg Shamlu with 200 and 300 fi
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quelques caractéristiques typiquem
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eign of Shah Ismail, married the si
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traditional structure, who were not
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arriving group (tribe or oymaq) and
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ody of the Safavid army. Each han a
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power. 934 By pretending so, Ismail
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such as Muhammad Han Ustaclu, Abdi
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education and training, their privi
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father of Muhammad Han Ustaclu, fel
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5.2.3. Ismail’s Second War: the T
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Alvand Mirza barely managed to flee
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Muhammad Zakariya, who had been the
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not one of them alive!” 987 As Br
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those great āmirs during both batt
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kurmışlardı. Zalām-ı şām-ı
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a messenger to the governor of Siva
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Eyle olsa ol taifenin hakikat-i hā
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Zamanla akrabası demin dava etmekd
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communication with the other side,
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terms usually nomadic tribes becaus
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Kemalpaşazāde reports that some o
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were confused about the disciples o
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villages became devoid of people. 1
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evenue sources remained the same. A
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Side (Şark Cānibi), i.e. Iran. 10
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argues that the real reason of Isma
Page 349 and 350:
Nonetheless, the connection between
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the Ottoman Empire 1086 , to protes
Page 353 and 354:
capture some principal Dulkadir for
Page 355 and 356:
who was found on the way going to I
Page 357 and 358:
military measures in eastern provin
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confront Ismail’s forces. 1117 Ho
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The Ottomans, on the other hand, ke
Page 363 and 364:
not the Ottomans. This being the ca
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ground for the enthronement of Seli
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stratified social structure on top
Page 369 and 370:
According to the Ottoman court hist
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doomsday’. 1158 The people of Ana
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igorously deem both Ismail and the
Page 375 and 376:
the command of Karagöz Pasha and s
Page 377 and 378:
Ottoman realm had totally vanished;
Page 379 and 380:
only the temporal benefits offered
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is that they set fire to even cāmi
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messianism. 1203 It is not coincide
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to the aforesaid Il he performed ma
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According to Hasan-ı Rumlu, Şahku
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sermon. During his sermon the shayk
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of the Order. One feels legitimized
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We learn from this document that Ş
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khalifas, launch a campaign on Otto
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the framework of the Ottoman domest
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disease and fell devoid of timar.
Page 401 and 402:
Kızıloğlu, Köleoğlu, Mehmed Be
Page 403 and 404:
eport that Şahkulu’s force was r
Page 405 and 406:
At the beginning, Şahkulu gathered
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the rebellion clearly reveal his ul
Page 409 and 410:
successfully created a revolutionar
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to convince the head of the Janissa
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against his two brothers. Ahmed dem
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governors and of Karagöz Pasha, bu
Page 417 and 418:
strongly believed in suppressing th
Page 419 and 420:
arrival of a messenger from the Por
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soldiers behind; 1347 he chose 500
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he was not killed and did not go to
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and arrived there before the Anatol
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the otaga on and prostrated ‘acco
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As for the first one, one may attri
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Kütahya seems to be the turning po
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Show me a small corner of hospice s
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CHAPTER VII THE QIZILBASH FACTOR IN
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Although one might partially attrib
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diplomacy and some other with coerc
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7.1.3. Second Confrontation: Assaul
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olub ol senkīn kayalardan çıkub,
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Another aspect of Selim-Ismail stru
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was appointed as governor of Kefe.
Page 449 and 450: was at the same time regarded as th
Page 451 and 452: Ahmed in such a degree that Ahmed
Page 453 and 454: that his valuable activities were n
Page 455 and 456: should be remembered that Ahmed was
Page 457 and 458: Vizier Ali Pasha was assigned to su
Page 459 and 460: August 3, 1511 (Cemāzī I 8, 911).
Page 461 and 462: not yet attached to Qizilbash movem
Page 463 and 464: would be the next sultan, their est
Page 465 and 466: and old age while his subjects fell
Page 467 and 468: Istanbul throughout his journey. As
Page 469 and 470: an oath that they would accept the
Page 471 and 472: But the most effective branch of Ot
Page 473 and 474: sultan 1551 , the Janissaries’ di
Page 475 and 476: Ahmed began to behave as if he had
Page 477 and 478: instead of Amasya can be accounted
Page 479 and 480: however, different. After Selim pro
Page 481 and 482: were the champions of the oppositio
Page 483 and 484: Janissaries, there was another mili
Page 485 and 486: Taceddin Beg, who was the Karaman B
Page 487 and 488: ve yardım ona kılsun kim inşaall
Page 489 and 490: 7.2.3. Prince Murad, Nur Ali Khalif
Page 491 and 492: qizilbashes of Anatolia had conside
Page 493 and 494: Sultan Ahmed sent troops against th
Page 495 and 496: According to Idrīs, and some other
Page 497 and 498: Shah. Celalzāde says, on the other
Page 499: included him in his suit. Then they
Page 503 and 504: governor of Sivas. 1639 So Kemalpa
Page 505 and 506: meantime, two Safavid khalifs, Şah
Page 507 and 508: ādem cem’ idüb Sultan Musa üze
Page 509 and 510: Mehmed’s letter clarifies two cru
Page 511 and 512: Şadi Beg says that Ismail warned D
Page 513 and 514: next spring. The qizilbash propagan
Page 515 and 516: Dulkadir. 1679 Of course Taş-ili,
Page 517 and 518: this idea and tore the letter from
Page 519 and 520: CHAPTER VIII ÇALDIRAN, 1514: THE A
Page 521 and 522: disclaim their tendency since the o
Page 523 and 524: strong public expectations indicate
Page 525 and 526: saru renkden ihtirāz olundığı g
Page 527 and 528: group. Indeed, the Ottoman sultans
Page 529 and 530: Selim-nāme authors unanimously nar
Page 531 and 532: Selim, as reflected in Şükrī’s
Page 533 and 534: Idrīs also emphasizes this point a
Page 535 and 536: advises Sultan Selim that the ‘re
Page 537 and 538: he blamed the statesmen and the sch
Page 539 and 540: also appears another word which wou
Page 541 and 542: Solakzāde states that Ismail made
Page 543 and 544: their opinion about the legitimacy
Page 545 and 546: to the statesmen as participants of
Page 547 and 548: the qizilbashes and dispersing them
Page 549 and 550: sentiments among the Ottoman elite
Page 551 and 552:
it repeats the name of the author,
Page 553 and 554:
about the identity of Hamza. He cla
Page 555 and 556:
or ‘Mevlāna Arab’. 1786 His fa
Page 557 and 558:
mission for himself. Taşköprizād
Page 559 and 560:
fanatic anti-qizilbash stand was li
Page 561 and 562:
already discussed the despising att
Page 563 and 564:
of ulemā must have written fetvās
Page 565 and 566:
that Süleyman I waged a campaign o
Page 567 and 568:
damned until doomsday.” 1817 Then
Page 569 and 570:
population. 1821 Although this rati
Page 571 and 572:
the people to be killed. The number
Page 573 and 574:
egister, he would be aware of the s
Page 575 and 576:
Lütfi Çelebi veled-i Bazarluoğlu
Page 577 and 578:
Dülbendbastı Ali Amasiyye Ahmed .
Page 579 and 580:
qizilbash movements, and those who
Page 581 and 582:
Kasım (?) Karye-i Hallar Torul cen
Page 583 and 584:
joining Shah Ismail’s suite durin
Page 585 and 586:
ut also from its content reflecting
Page 587 and 588:
to the faces of Muslims, fused the
Page 589 and 590:
Rumelia to Anatolia where they coop
Page 591 and 592:
however, provisional anxieties were
Page 593 and 594:
my intentions in the beginning of m
Page 595 and 596:
Ismail’s letter annoyed Selim so
Page 597 and 598:
hunger and thirst! 1900 The situati
Page 599 and 600:
Then Sultan Selim favored this sugg
Page 601 and 602:
efore the Ottomans had time to comp
Page 603 and 604:
miğfer ve cevşen ü siper māni
Page 605 and 606:
made to marry Tāc-zāde Cafer Chel
Page 607 and 608:
CHAPTER IX THE AFTERMATH: THE WANIN
Page 609 and 610:
important consequence was that it b
Page 611 and 612:
defeat of Çaldıran, the qizilbash
Page 613 and 614:
These contemporary accounts clearly
Page 615 and 616:
abandoned in practice their unquest
Page 617 and 618:
depersonalization of political auth
Page 619 and 620:
development marked a decisive step
Page 621 and 622:
Khalifa, just like the office of ā
Page 623 and 624:
Muhammad Hudabende; the post of lal
Page 625 and 626:
success emerged. Nonetheless, none
Page 627 and 628:
Temam, when Sultan Selim proceeded
Page 629 and 630:
community within the Ottoman Empire
Page 631 and 632:
egion. 2016 Thenceforth, ‘unortho
Page 633 and 634:
the fading of the political and mil
Page 635 and 636:
lead. 2024 The vakıf of the tekke
Page 637 and 638:
administration tolerated and even e
Page 639 and 640:
social units maintaining a low degr
Page 641 and 642:
CHAPTER X CONCLUSION In the broades
Page 643 and 644:
is obvious that the expansion of th
Page 645 and 646:
synthesized at the cross-section of
Page 647 and 648:
as major ‘qizilbash zones’ and
Page 649 and 650:
territories, from then on the qizil
Page 651 and 652:
Mehmed b. Mehmed el-Fenārī eş-ş
Page 653 and 654:
Feridun Bey, Münşeât-ı Selātin
Page 655 and 656:
Menâkıb-ı Sultan Bayezid Han, Bi
Page 657 and 658:
Tevarih-i Al-i Osman (Die altosmani
Page 659 and 660:
Aslanoğlu, Đbrahim, Şah Đsmail
Page 661 and 662:
Bacqué-Grammont, Jean-Louis, “Sa
Page 663 and 664:
Baykara, Tuncay, “Yatağan’da A
Page 665 and 666:
Cahen, Claude, “Le problème du S
Page 667 and 668:
Eberhard, Elke, Osmanische Polemik
Page 669 and 670:
Fisher, Sydney Nettleton,The Foreig
Page 671 and 672:
Gölpınarlı, Abdülbaki, “Fazlu
Page 673 and 674:
Đnalcık, Halil, "Osmanlılar’da
Page 675 and 676:
and Society, Bloomington: Indiana U
Page 677 and 678:
Kissling, “Osmanlı Đmparatorlu
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Lindner, Rudi Paul, Nomads and Otto
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Mélikoff, Irène, “La Montagne e
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Newman, Andrew, “The Myth of Cler
Page 685 and 686:
Ocak, Ahmet Yaşar, “Syncrétisme
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Pastoral Production and Societies,
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Sarıkaya, Saffet, XIII-XVI. Asırl
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Stephane Yérasimos, La Foundation
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Tapper, Richard, “Anthropologists
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Ünal, Mehmet Ali, XVI. Yüzyılda
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APPENDIX A: CHRONOLOGY 1326 The dea
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1505 Ismail's ambassador in Istanbu
Page 701 and 702:
APPENDIX B: A SELECT LIST OF DOCUME
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E 5483 Halep Melikü'l-ümerası Ha
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E 6384 Sadi Paşa'nın isyancılar
Page 707 and 708:
E 8350 E 8505 E 8758 E 8922 E 8923
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