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qizilbashes led by Kara Iskender, which were defeated by Ahmed’s troops. Kemalpaşazāde further says that on hearing this, Murad did not go to join his father, but moved towards Tokat. A contemporary spy report confirms this. It records that although Sultan Ahmed dispatched several orders to Prince Murad to come and join his forces, Murad did not comply with this order by stating that “I have a number of enemies here.” 1638 Thus, putting two accounts together, it appears that after assigning Kara Iskender to the governorship of Iskilip, Murad set off with other qizilbashes for Sivas. Remembering that Tokat was on the way between Iskilip and Sivas, Kemalpaşazāde’s account seems to be quite compatible with the archival evidence. On the other hand, the people living in and around Iskilip demanded help from Ahmed against Kara Iskender. Ahmed sent ten thousand soldiers to free Iskilip from Kara Iskender’s assault. This was the first middle-scale army sent by Ahmed against the qizilbash rebels. Although Kemalpaşazāde says that Kara Iskender was slain during this battle, it is probably not true since we see him in the following events. But it is highly possible that qizilbashes were defeated. According to Kemalpaşazāde, shortly before this event, Shah Ismail had sent troops into Anatolia under the command of Nur Ali, who seized Tokat in the name of the Shah. Murad and Nur Ali met in Kazova near Tokat and they together went to the Shah. It is also recorded, though vaguely, in a letter written to Selim by a certain Hacı Kemal, that Sultan Murad met with Nur Ali Khalifa and inclined towards the East [i.e. the country of the Shah]. Hacı Kemal reports this event as he learned from the letter of the 1638 It is recorded in the report of Mir-ālem Mustafa, one of Selim’s spies in Anatolia, that“... Ve Sultan Murad ahvālinden sorarsanız defaatle gelesin deyū ulaklar varub, benim bu yana düşmanlarum vardur demiş. ...” See TSA, document E 2667. 483
governor of Sivas. 1639 So Kemalpaşazāde’s account is fairly compatible with archival evidence except for the last assertion. As will be evaluated below, Nur Ali Khalifa would not return to Iran with Sultan Murad. As for Sultan Murad, however, it is highly possible that he went to Iran through Sivas for he is not mentioned in the context of later events. Likewise, as Uluçay indicates, Murad wrote a letter to his father from Sivas suggesting he go to the Shah together. 1640 We know from contemporary sources that Murad went to Iran during his father’s struggle with Selim and died there after a couple of years. 1641 Safavid chronicles also mention Murad’s relation with the Shah and Nur Ali Khalifa. For instance, Hasan-ı Rumlu states that Murad – with ten thousands qizilbashes with him – met Nur Ali Khalifa in Kaz Çayırı after the latter captured Tokat and read hutbe in the name of the Shah. Then they together turned back to Tokat. But this time the townspeople showed signs of resistance. Then the qizilbashes set the city on fire and went to Niksar. Hasan-ı Rumlu says that in Niksar Murad left Nur Ali and went to the realm of the Shah. 1642 He must have followed the way through Sivas. But before arriving Sivas, in Artuğak a serious disagreement rose up within qizilbashes among Murad’s company. Yahya Pehlivan and Dev Ali suggested going to the Shah while Kara Đskender advocated going to Dulkadiroğlu Alauddevle Beg. The two groups clashed with each 1639 “…Şimdiki hālde Sivas sancağı beginden ādem ve mektub gelüb tastīr olan cevab budur ki, bundan evvel Sultan Murad Nur Halife ile Kızılbaş elçisi ile şark tarafına müteveccih olub...” The letter of Hacı Kemal, a possible spy of Selim. At the end of the letter Kemal wants Selim to pass Anatolia as soon as possible. Therefore, it must have been written before Selim move to Anatolia on July 29, 1512. See TSA, document E 2667, published in ULCY2, p. 130. 1640 ULCY2, p. 131. 1641 In addition to KPZ and CLZ see IDRS, p. 115; HSE4, pp. 165-6; ALI, pp. 1068-9; SLZ2, p. 13; MNB, p. 456. The latter four sources points out that Murad fled to Shah Ismail and died in Persia after three or four years. 1642 HR, p. 165. 484
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TURKOMANS BETWEEN TWO EMPIRES: THE
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TURKOMANS BETWEEN TWO EMPIRES: THE
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ABSTRACT TURKOMANS BETWEEN TWO EMPI
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ÖZET ĐKĐ ĐMPARATORLUK ARASINDA
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Before everything
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AA Eskandar B
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Selim-nâme Literature, Berlin: Kla
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NOTE ON TRANSLITERATION Source mate
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TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT………
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8.4. The Persecution of Anatolian Q
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and feeding the qizilbash sentiment
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Needless to say, the emergence, mol
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accumulation of power soon made the
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glories of the Ottoman army. Toward
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in the second half of the sixteenth
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the role of the Sufis of Lāhijan i
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Çağatay Uluçay’s three article
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Lastly, as for the main characteris
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no.790. The whole collection has be
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of this last section is open to spe
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struggle between two powers is refl
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Selim to the throne in April 24, 15
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Apart from these Selim-nāmes, Hayd
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1.2.2. Safavid Sources The Safavid
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above. More interesting is that the
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1.2.3. Italian Sources When Shah Is
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CHAPTER II A THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK:
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settled tribes in several parts of
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were alien. These sedentary neighbo
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So, in Barfield’s terminology, th
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elations on kinship basis. 105 The
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a map of real blood bonds. He notif
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economic dependence on non-tribal s
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Furthermore, the office, an imperso
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shown, for the purpose of the prese
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in tribal or sub-tribal societies b
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community to whom he/she belongs. I
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One other substantial basis subsidi
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along with many other historians an
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Let us rob them together. But if yo
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ureaucracy, and sophisticated socia
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One may safely argue that the proce
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transformation of the beylik from t
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interconnected, for the tribal warr
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groups merged in time and turned in
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On the other hand, reliable sources
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end of the fourteenth century or in
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hagiographies 203 genuinely reflect
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Turkoman begs. On one occasion Osma
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Umur and said, “From now on call
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friend of Kızıldeli amongst the f
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creed was a syncretism composed of
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ather it merged into the Bektashi O
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One should note that in the late th
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Indeed, in the first half of the fo
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Turkoman warriors to Osman’s ento
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Ottomans took advantage of sedentar
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organized on tribal basis, but loya
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army. Orhan learns the method from
Page 119 and 120:
the Turkish language and culture. A
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One should also note that the Janis
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dynasty. 277 Aşıkpaşazāde’s e
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3.2.2. The Rise of the Ottoman Elit
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and other danişmends as immediate
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Comes either for a hope of a minist
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statesmen appeared in the course of
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the realm” or “nizām-ı ālem
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As Đnalcık formulized long ago, t
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made it difficult to govern them. 3
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paradoxically constitutes one of th
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useless, even harmful, act and rega
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to transform the state still bearin
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to obey the law, Rüstem, replies:
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Most of the events mentioned in the
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period, and tribal chiefs. However,
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of the empire; their loyal akıncı
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of foremost akıncı dynasties like
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historians employ the term ‘Türk
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transformed into modest ‘re’āy
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Turgutlu tribe. 365 As will be deli
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the death of Kasım Beg, his comman
Page 163 and 164:
Contemporary sources clearly indica
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As already delineated, Mehmed II fi
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3.4. CONCLUSION By the second half
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CHAPTER IV TURKOMANS AND THE SAFAVI
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write a satisfactory history of the
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Safa offers plentiful information a
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lessings of His Holy Exhalations!)
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“région turcophone”. 432 Despi
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dignity of Aaron (Hārūn) the magn
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prisoners, upon becoming Safavid di
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siege, Timur’s forces managed to
Page 185 and 186:
far. 469 During Shaykh Ibrahim’s
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4.2. SHAYKH JUNAYD (1447-1460): TUR
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to Shah Ismail and his descendants.
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devoted to explaining how this tran
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einforced by marrying with the daug
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Mohammedan law, oppressing learned
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A comprehensive risāle preserved i
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according to the anonymous writer,
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the following pages I will analyze,
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Shaikh Safī’s children, the whol
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literature, which is summarized abo
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Ardabil and with his disciples in o
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historians that the Ottomans dispat
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on Erzincan and Sivas; the latter,
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that the copied books were availabl
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of the four true sects, in which sh
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Haydar, and Shah Ismā’īl merely
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However, the foot-prints of this do
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mastership or merit in Sufism. Furt
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strong foot-hold among them. Warrio
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danger only by leaving behind all h
Page 227 and 228:
first in 1335 and second in 1348. 5
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So, putting these two facts togethe
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4.2.4.5. The Aqqoyunlu Palace: Legi
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Junayd to legitimize his already em
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manner against Shaykh Junayd, but h
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4.3. SHAYKH HAYDAR (1460-1488): THE
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tune down the devoted extremism tha
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subjects.” 649 Khunjī goes furth
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was the customary gear in those day
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was in 1484 and the Shaykh’s real
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Then Farruhyasar finished his lette
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avoid one’s fate.” 692 Likewise
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“especially [with] his lieutenant
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‘savage-like’ pastoral nomads a
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looked upon the shaykh as their qib
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Despites all his sunni biases, his
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during the Haydar’s term as well.
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temporal and spiritual authority; t
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‘new’ here is nothing other tha
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5.1. THE CONCEALMENT PERIOD: PREPER
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in 1493, he welcomed them in Tabriz
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other things, but since they were n
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his enemies with 300 qizilbash devo
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Ismail stayed approximately four an
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maintaining the communication and n
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5.1.3. The Advent (Hurūj) of Ismai
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account; but mistakenly narrates as
Page 281 and 282:
The anonymous author then recites t
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servants to bring his own sword, wh
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would conquer all Iran and Azarbaij
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5.2. ISMAIL’S ASCENDANCE TO POWER
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eği kaçdı. Tebriz’i yağma etd
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of Jahanshah Karakoyunlu, in Gökç
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communication between fighting qizi
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Abdi Beg Shamlu with 200 and 300 fi
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quelques caractéristiques typiquem
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eign of Shah Ismail, married the si
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traditional structure, who were not
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arriving group (tribe or oymaq) and
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ody of the Safavid army. Each han a
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power. 934 By pretending so, Ismail
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such as Muhammad Han Ustaclu, Abdi
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education and training, their privi
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father of Muhammad Han Ustaclu, fel
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5.2.3. Ismail’s Second War: the T
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Alvand Mirza barely managed to flee
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Muhammad Zakariya, who had been the
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not one of them alive!” 987 As Br
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those great āmirs during both batt
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kurmışlardı. Zalām-ı şām-ı
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a messenger to the governor of Siva
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Eyle olsa ol taifenin hakikat-i hā
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Zamanla akrabası demin dava etmekd
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communication with the other side,
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terms usually nomadic tribes becaus
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Kemalpaşazāde reports that some o
Page 339 and 340:
were confused about the disciples o
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villages became devoid of people. 1
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evenue sources remained the same. A
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Side (Şark Cānibi), i.e. Iran. 10
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argues that the real reason of Isma
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Nonetheless, the connection between
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the Ottoman Empire 1086 , to protes
Page 353 and 354:
capture some principal Dulkadir for
Page 355 and 356:
who was found on the way going to I
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military measures in eastern provin
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confront Ismail’s forces. 1117 Ho
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The Ottomans, on the other hand, ke
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not the Ottomans. This being the ca
Page 365 and 366:
ground for the enthronement of Seli
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stratified social structure on top
Page 369 and 370:
According to the Ottoman court hist
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doomsday’. 1158 The people of Ana
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igorously deem both Ismail and the
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the command of Karagöz Pasha and s
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Ottoman realm had totally vanished;
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only the temporal benefits offered
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is that they set fire to even cāmi
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messianism. 1203 It is not coincide
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to the aforesaid Il he performed ma
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According to Hasan-ı Rumlu, Şahku
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sermon. During his sermon the shayk
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of the Order. One feels legitimized
Page 393 and 394:
We learn from this document that Ş
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khalifas, launch a campaign on Otto
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the framework of the Ottoman domest
Page 399 and 400:
disease and fell devoid of timar.
Page 401 and 402:
Kızıloğlu, Köleoğlu, Mehmed Be
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eport that Şahkulu’s force was r
Page 405 and 406:
At the beginning, Şahkulu gathered
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the rebellion clearly reveal his ul
Page 409 and 410:
successfully created a revolutionar
Page 411 and 412:
to convince the head of the Janissa
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against his two brothers. Ahmed dem
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governors and of Karagöz Pasha, bu
Page 417 and 418:
strongly believed in suppressing th
Page 419 and 420:
arrival of a messenger from the Por
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soldiers behind; 1347 he chose 500
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he was not killed and did not go to
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and arrived there before the Anatol
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the otaga on and prostrated ‘acco
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As for the first one, one may attri
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Kütahya seems to be the turning po
Page 433 and 434:
Show me a small corner of hospice s
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CHAPTER VII THE QIZILBASH FACTOR IN
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Although one might partially attrib
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diplomacy and some other with coerc
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7.1.3. Second Confrontation: Assaul
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olub ol senkīn kayalardan çıkub,
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Another aspect of Selim-Ismail stru
Page 447 and 448:
was appointed as governor of Kefe.
Page 449 and 450:
was at the same time regarded as th
Page 451 and 452: Ahmed in such a degree that Ahmed
Page 453 and 454: that his valuable activities were n
Page 455 and 456: should be remembered that Ahmed was
Page 457 and 458: Vizier Ali Pasha was assigned to su
Page 459 and 460: August 3, 1511 (Cemāzī I 8, 911).
Page 461 and 462: not yet attached to Qizilbash movem
Page 463 and 464: would be the next sultan, their est
Page 465 and 466: and old age while his subjects fell
Page 467 and 468: Istanbul throughout his journey. As
Page 469 and 470: an oath that they would accept the
Page 471 and 472: But the most effective branch of Ot
Page 473 and 474: sultan 1551 , the Janissaries’ di
Page 475 and 476: Ahmed began to behave as if he had
Page 477 and 478: instead of Amasya can be accounted
Page 479 and 480: however, different. After Selim pro
Page 481 and 482: were the champions of the oppositio
Page 483 and 484: Janissaries, there was another mili
Page 485 and 486: Taceddin Beg, who was the Karaman B
Page 487 and 488: ve yardım ona kılsun kim inşaall
Page 489 and 490: 7.2.3. Prince Murad, Nur Ali Khalif
Page 491 and 492: qizilbashes of Anatolia had conside
Page 493 and 494: Sultan Ahmed sent troops against th
Page 495 and 496: According to Idrīs, and some other
Page 497 and 498: Shah. Celalzāde says, on the other
Page 499 and 500: included him in his suit. Then they
Page 501: yağmaladıkları mukarrer. Sultan
Page 505 and 506: meantime, two Safavid khalifs, Şah
Page 507 and 508: ādem cem’ idüb Sultan Musa üze
Page 509 and 510: Mehmed’s letter clarifies two cru
Page 511 and 512: Şadi Beg says that Ismail warned D
Page 513 and 514: next spring. The qizilbash propagan
Page 515 and 516: Dulkadir. 1679 Of course Taş-ili,
Page 517 and 518: this idea and tore the letter from
Page 519 and 520: CHAPTER VIII ÇALDIRAN, 1514: THE A
Page 521 and 522: disclaim their tendency since the o
Page 523 and 524: strong public expectations indicate
Page 525 and 526: saru renkden ihtirāz olundığı g
Page 527 and 528: group. Indeed, the Ottoman sultans
Page 529 and 530: Selim-nāme authors unanimously nar
Page 531 and 532: Selim, as reflected in Şükrī’s
Page 533 and 534: Idrīs also emphasizes this point a
Page 535 and 536: advises Sultan Selim that the ‘re
Page 537 and 538: he blamed the statesmen and the sch
Page 539 and 540: also appears another word which wou
Page 541 and 542: Solakzāde states that Ismail made
Page 543 and 544: their opinion about the legitimacy
Page 545 and 546: to the statesmen as participants of
Page 547 and 548: the qizilbashes and dispersing them
Page 549 and 550: sentiments among the Ottoman elite
Page 551 and 552: it repeats the name of the author,
Page 553 and 554:
about the identity of Hamza. He cla
Page 555 and 556:
or ‘Mevlāna Arab’. 1786 His fa
Page 557 and 558:
mission for himself. Taşköprizād
Page 559 and 560:
fanatic anti-qizilbash stand was li
Page 561 and 562:
already discussed the despising att
Page 563 and 564:
of ulemā must have written fetvās
Page 565 and 566:
that Süleyman I waged a campaign o
Page 567 and 568:
damned until doomsday.” 1817 Then
Page 569 and 570:
population. 1821 Although this rati
Page 571 and 572:
the people to be killed. The number
Page 573 and 574:
egister, he would be aware of the s
Page 575 and 576:
Lütfi Çelebi veled-i Bazarluoğlu
Page 577 and 578:
Dülbendbastı Ali Amasiyye Ahmed .
Page 579 and 580:
qizilbash movements, and those who
Page 581 and 582:
Kasım (?) Karye-i Hallar Torul cen
Page 583 and 584:
joining Shah Ismail’s suite durin
Page 585 and 586:
ut also from its content reflecting
Page 587 and 588:
to the faces of Muslims, fused the
Page 589 and 590:
Rumelia to Anatolia where they coop
Page 591 and 592:
however, provisional anxieties were
Page 593 and 594:
my intentions in the beginning of m
Page 595 and 596:
Ismail’s letter annoyed Selim so
Page 597 and 598:
hunger and thirst! 1900 The situati
Page 599 and 600:
Then Sultan Selim favored this sugg
Page 601 and 602:
efore the Ottomans had time to comp
Page 603 and 604:
miğfer ve cevşen ü siper māni
Page 605 and 606:
made to marry Tāc-zāde Cafer Chel
Page 607 and 608:
CHAPTER IX THE AFTERMATH: THE WANIN
Page 609 and 610:
important consequence was that it b
Page 611 and 612:
defeat of Çaldıran, the qizilbash
Page 613 and 614:
These contemporary accounts clearly
Page 615 and 616:
abandoned in practice their unquest
Page 617 and 618:
depersonalization of political auth
Page 619 and 620:
development marked a decisive step
Page 621 and 622:
Khalifa, just like the office of ā
Page 623 and 624:
Muhammad Hudabende; the post of lal
Page 625 and 626:
success emerged. Nonetheless, none
Page 627 and 628:
Temam, when Sultan Selim proceeded
Page 629 and 630:
community within the Ottoman Empire
Page 631 and 632:
egion. 2016 Thenceforth, ‘unortho
Page 633 and 634:
the fading of the political and mil
Page 635 and 636:
lead. 2024 The vakıf of the tekke
Page 637 and 638:
administration tolerated and even e
Page 639 and 640:
social units maintaining a low degr
Page 641 and 642:
CHAPTER X CONCLUSION In the broades
Page 643 and 644:
is obvious that the expansion of th
Page 645 and 646:
synthesized at the cross-section of
Page 647 and 648:
as major ‘qizilbash zones’ and
Page 649 and 650:
territories, from then on the qizil
Page 651 and 652:
Mehmed b. Mehmed el-Fenārī eş-ş
Page 653 and 654:
Feridun Bey, Münşeât-ı Selātin
Page 655 and 656:
Menâkıb-ı Sultan Bayezid Han, Bi
Page 657 and 658:
Tevarih-i Al-i Osman (Die altosmani
Page 659 and 660:
Aslanoğlu, Đbrahim, Şah Đsmail
Page 661 and 662:
Bacqué-Grammont, Jean-Louis, “Sa
Page 663 and 664:
Baykara, Tuncay, “Yatağan’da A
Page 665 and 666:
Cahen, Claude, “Le problème du S
Page 667 and 668:
Eberhard, Elke, Osmanische Polemik
Page 669 and 670:
Fisher, Sydney Nettleton,The Foreig
Page 671 and 672:
Gölpınarlı, Abdülbaki, “Fazlu
Page 673 and 674:
Đnalcık, Halil, "Osmanlılar’da
Page 675 and 676:
and Society, Bloomington: Indiana U
Page 677 and 678:
Kissling, “Osmanlı Đmparatorlu
Page 679 and 680:
Lindner, Rudi Paul, Nomads and Otto
Page 681 and 682:
Mélikoff, Irène, “La Montagne e
Page 683 and 684:
Newman, Andrew, “The Myth of Cler
Page 685 and 686:
Ocak, Ahmet Yaşar, “Syncrétisme
Page 687 and 688:
Pastoral Production and Societies,
Page 689 and 690:
Sarıkaya, Saffet, XIII-XVI. Asırl
Page 691 and 692:
Stephane Yérasimos, La Foundation
Page 693 and 694:
Tapper, Richard, “Anthropologists
Page 695 and 696:
Ünal, Mehmet Ali, XVI. Yüzyılda
Page 697 and 698:
APPENDIX A: CHRONOLOGY 1326 The dea
Page 699 and 700:
1505 Ismail's ambassador in Istanbu
Page 701 and 702:
APPENDIX B: A SELECT LIST OF DOCUME
Page 703 and 704:
E 5483 Halep Melikü'l-ümerası Ha
Page 705 and 706:
E 6384 Sadi Paşa'nın isyancılar
Page 707 and 708:
E 8350 E 8505 E 8758 E 8922 E 8923
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