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CHAPTER VI ANATOLIAN QIZILBASHES IN ARMS: ŞAHKULU REBELLION, 1511 The most extensive, influential, and successful outcome of the Safavid propaganda among Anatolian population appeared as the rebellion lead by Şahkulu. The importance of this rebellion for the history of qizilbashes and the Ottoman empire was not limited to the fact that it for the first time, and to the largest scale ever recorded, not only mobilized and organized already excited qizilbash masses against the Ottoman rule in an armed resistance, but also became one of the most decisive factors in Ottoman domestic politics. Paradoxically, the qizilbash uprising in search of a better life in the Ottoman realm, made Prince Selim’s accession to the Ottoman throne possible, which at the beginning of the civil war between the princes was quite unlikely. This chapter will examine the ideological background, social bases, Safavid connections, and consequences of the Şahkulu rebellion. And its decisive role in providing the legitimate 345
ground for the enthronement of Selim I, the most merciless and harsh Ottoman sultan against qizilbashes, will be evaluated in the following chapter. The development of Şahkulu rebellion is well-documented in TSA. Çağatay Uluçay extensively used these documents in his series of articles on how Selim I became the sultan. 1140 In the first of these three articles, Uluçay explained the phases of the rebellion from the beginning to the end. After Uluçay, Şahabettin Tekindağ published an article exclusively devoted to the rebellion. 1141 His article however hardly adds something new – neither in terms of archival evidence nor in terms of interpretation – to the article of Uluçay. Apart from them, Selāhattin Tansel devotes some pages to the rebellion in his book Sultan II. Bāyezit’in Siyasī Hayatı. 1142 Although the itinerary and military development of the rebellion is more or less delineated in these works, none of them pay enough attention to the ideological and socio-religious content of the rebellion. The scholar who briefly touched upon the ideological content of the rebellion was Hanna Sohrweide, who studied the repercussion of the rise of Safavids among Anatolian qizilbashs in the sixteenth century. 1143 Although meriting to be deemed among classics in the field, Sohrweide’s analysis on the Şahkulu rebellion is mainly based on the articles of Uluçay. Furthermore she pays much more attention to the political and military development of the rebellion than its ideological and social dimensions. Thus her discussions on the ideologico-religious content of the rebellion and its socio-cultural basis are rather limited. 1140 See ULCY1; ULCY2; ULCY3. 1141 This article is published in two parts. See Şahabettin Tekindağ, “Şah Kulu Baba Tekeli Đsyanı”, Belgelerle Türk Tarihi Dergisi, 3-4, 1959, 34-39; 54-59. 1142 See Selahattin Tansel, Sultan II. Bayezid’in Siyasi Hayatı, Đstanbul: Milli Eğitim Basımevi, 1966, pp. 248-256. 1143 Hanna Sohrweide, “Der Sieg der Safaviden in Persien und scine Rückwirkungen auf die Schiiten Anatoliens im 16. Jahrhundert”, Der Islam, 41, 1965, 95-221. See especially pp. 145-156. 346
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TURKOMANS BETWEEN TWO EMPIRES: THE
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TURKOMANS BETWEEN TWO EMPIRES: THE
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ABSTRACT TURKOMANS BETWEEN TWO EMPI
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ÖZET ĐKĐ ĐMPARATORLUK ARASINDA
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Before everything
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AA Eskandar B
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Selim-nâme Literature, Berlin: Kla
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NOTE ON TRANSLITERATION Source mate
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TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT………
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8.4. The Persecution of Anatolian Q
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and feeding the qizilbash sentiment
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Needless to say, the emergence, mol
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accumulation of power soon made the
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glories of the Ottoman army. Toward
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in the second half of the sixteenth
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the role of the Sufis of Lāhijan i
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Çağatay Uluçay’s three article
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Lastly, as for the main characteris
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no.790. The whole collection has be
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of this last section is open to spe
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struggle between two powers is refl
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Selim to the throne in April 24, 15
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Apart from these Selim-nāmes, Hayd
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1.2.2. Safavid Sources The Safavid
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above. More interesting is that the
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1.2.3. Italian Sources When Shah Is
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CHAPTER II A THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK:
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settled tribes in several parts of
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were alien. These sedentary neighbo
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So, in Barfield’s terminology, th
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elations on kinship basis. 105 The
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a map of real blood bonds. He notif
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economic dependence on non-tribal s
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Furthermore, the office, an imperso
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shown, for the purpose of the prese
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in tribal or sub-tribal societies b
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community to whom he/she belongs. I
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One other substantial basis subsidi
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along with many other historians an
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Let us rob them together. But if yo
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ureaucracy, and sophisticated socia
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One may safely argue that the proce
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transformation of the beylik from t
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interconnected, for the tribal warr
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groups merged in time and turned in
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On the other hand, reliable sources
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end of the fourteenth century or in
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hagiographies 203 genuinely reflect
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Turkoman begs. On one occasion Osma
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Umur and said, “From now on call
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friend of Kızıldeli amongst the f
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creed was a syncretism composed of
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ather it merged into the Bektashi O
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One should note that in the late th
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Indeed, in the first half of the fo
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Turkoman warriors to Osman’s ento
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Ottomans took advantage of sedentar
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organized on tribal basis, but loya
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army. Orhan learns the method from
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the Turkish language and culture. A
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One should also note that the Janis
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dynasty. 277 Aşıkpaşazāde’s e
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3.2.2. The Rise of the Ottoman Elit
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and other danişmends as immediate
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Comes either for a hope of a minist
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statesmen appeared in the course of
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the realm” or “nizām-ı ālem
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As Đnalcık formulized long ago, t
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made it difficult to govern them. 3
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paradoxically constitutes one of th
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useless, even harmful, act and rega
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to transform the state still bearin
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to obey the law, Rüstem, replies:
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Most of the events mentioned in the
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period, and tribal chiefs. However,
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of the empire; their loyal akıncı
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of foremost akıncı dynasties like
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historians employ the term ‘Türk
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transformed into modest ‘re’āy
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Turgutlu tribe. 365 As will be deli
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the death of Kasım Beg, his comman
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Contemporary sources clearly indica
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As already delineated, Mehmed II fi
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3.4. CONCLUSION By the second half
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CHAPTER IV TURKOMANS AND THE SAFAVI
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write a satisfactory history of the
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Safa offers plentiful information a
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lessings of His Holy Exhalations!)
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“région turcophone”. 432 Despi
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dignity of Aaron (Hārūn) the magn
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prisoners, upon becoming Safavid di
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siege, Timur’s forces managed to
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far. 469 During Shaykh Ibrahim’s
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4.2. SHAYKH JUNAYD (1447-1460): TUR
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to Shah Ismail and his descendants.
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devoted to explaining how this tran
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einforced by marrying with the daug
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Mohammedan law, oppressing learned
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A comprehensive risāle preserved i
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according to the anonymous writer,
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the following pages I will analyze,
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Shaikh Safī’s children, the whol
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literature, which is summarized abo
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Ardabil and with his disciples in o
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historians that the Ottomans dispat
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on Erzincan and Sivas; the latter,
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that the copied books were availabl
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of the four true sects, in which sh
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Haydar, and Shah Ismā’īl merely
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However, the foot-prints of this do
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mastership or merit in Sufism. Furt
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strong foot-hold among them. Warrio
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danger only by leaving behind all h
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first in 1335 and second in 1348. 5
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So, putting these two facts togethe
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4.2.4.5. The Aqqoyunlu Palace: Legi
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Junayd to legitimize his already em
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manner against Shaykh Junayd, but h
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4.3. SHAYKH HAYDAR (1460-1488): THE
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tune down the devoted extremism tha
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subjects.” 649 Khunjī goes furth
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was the customary gear in those day
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was in 1484 and the Shaykh’s real
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Then Farruhyasar finished his lette
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avoid one’s fate.” 692 Likewise
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“especially [with] his lieutenant
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‘savage-like’ pastoral nomads a
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looked upon the shaykh as their qib
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Despites all his sunni biases, his
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during the Haydar’s term as well.
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temporal and spiritual authority; t
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‘new’ here is nothing other tha
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5.1. THE CONCEALMENT PERIOD: PREPER
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in 1493, he welcomed them in Tabriz
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other things, but since they were n
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his enemies with 300 qizilbash devo
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Ismail stayed approximately four an
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maintaining the communication and n
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5.1.3. The Advent (Hurūj) of Ismai
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account; but mistakenly narrates as
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The anonymous author then recites t
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servants to bring his own sword, wh
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would conquer all Iran and Azarbaij
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5.2. ISMAIL’S ASCENDANCE TO POWER
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eği kaçdı. Tebriz’i yağma etd
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of Jahanshah Karakoyunlu, in Gökç
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communication between fighting qizi
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Abdi Beg Shamlu with 200 and 300 fi
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quelques caractéristiques typiquem
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eign of Shah Ismail, married the si
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traditional structure, who were not
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arriving group (tribe or oymaq) and
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ody of the Safavid army. Each han a
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power. 934 By pretending so, Ismail
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such as Muhammad Han Ustaclu, Abdi
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education and training, their privi
Page 313 and 314: father of Muhammad Han Ustaclu, fel
Page 315 and 316: 5.2.3. Ismail’s Second War: the T
Page 317 and 318: Alvand Mirza barely managed to flee
Page 319 and 320: Muhammad Zakariya, who had been the
Page 321 and 322: not one of them alive!” 987 As Br
Page 323 and 324: those great āmirs during both batt
Page 325 and 326: kurmışlardı. Zalām-ı şām-ı
Page 327 and 328: a messenger to the governor of Siva
Page 329 and 330: Eyle olsa ol taifenin hakikat-i hā
Page 331 and 332: Zamanla akrabası demin dava etmekd
Page 333 and 334: communication with the other side,
Page 335 and 336: terms usually nomadic tribes becaus
Page 337 and 338: Kemalpaşazāde reports that some o
Page 339 and 340: were confused about the disciples o
Page 341 and 342: villages became devoid of people. 1
Page 343 and 344: evenue sources remained the same. A
Page 345 and 346: Side (Şark Cānibi), i.e. Iran. 10
Page 347 and 348: argues that the real reason of Isma
Page 349 and 350: Nonetheless, the connection between
Page 351 and 352: the Ottoman Empire 1086 , to protes
Page 353 and 354: capture some principal Dulkadir for
Page 355 and 356: who was found on the way going to I
Page 357 and 358: military measures in eastern provin
Page 359 and 360: confront Ismail’s forces. 1117 Ho
Page 361 and 362: The Ottomans, on the other hand, ke
Page 363: not the Ottomans. This being the ca
Page 367 and 368: stratified social structure on top
Page 369 and 370: According to the Ottoman court hist
Page 371 and 372: doomsday’. 1158 The people of Ana
Page 373 and 374: igorously deem both Ismail and the
Page 375 and 376: the command of Karagöz Pasha and s
Page 377 and 378: Ottoman realm had totally vanished;
Page 379 and 380: only the temporal benefits offered
Page 381 and 382: is that they set fire to even cāmi
Page 383 and 384: messianism. 1203 It is not coincide
Page 385 and 386: to the aforesaid Il he performed ma
Page 387 and 388: According to Hasan-ı Rumlu, Şahku
Page 389 and 390: sermon. During his sermon the shayk
Page 391 and 392: of the Order. One feels legitimized
Page 393 and 394: We learn from this document that Ş
Page 395 and 396: khalifas, launch a campaign on Otto
Page 397 and 398: the framework of the Ottoman domest
Page 399 and 400: disease and fell devoid of timar.
Page 401 and 402: Kızıloğlu, Köleoğlu, Mehmed Be
Page 403 and 404: eport that Şahkulu’s force was r
Page 405 and 406: At the beginning, Şahkulu gathered
Page 407 and 408: the rebellion clearly reveal his ul
Page 409 and 410: successfully created a revolutionar
Page 411 and 412: to convince the head of the Janissa
Page 413 and 414: against his two brothers. Ahmed dem
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governors and of Karagöz Pasha, bu
Page 417 and 418:
strongly believed in suppressing th
Page 419 and 420:
arrival of a messenger from the Por
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soldiers behind; 1347 he chose 500
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he was not killed and did not go to
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and arrived there before the Anatol
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the otaga on and prostrated ‘acco
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As for the first one, one may attri
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Kütahya seems to be the turning po
Page 433 and 434:
Show me a small corner of hospice s
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CHAPTER VII THE QIZILBASH FACTOR IN
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Although one might partially attrib
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diplomacy and some other with coerc
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7.1.3. Second Confrontation: Assaul
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olub ol senkīn kayalardan çıkub,
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Another aspect of Selim-Ismail stru
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was appointed as governor of Kefe.
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was at the same time regarded as th
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Ahmed in such a degree that Ahmed
Page 453 and 454:
that his valuable activities were n
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should be remembered that Ahmed was
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Vizier Ali Pasha was assigned to su
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August 3, 1511 (Cemāzī I 8, 911).
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not yet attached to Qizilbash movem
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would be the next sultan, their est
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and old age while his subjects fell
Page 467 and 468:
Istanbul throughout his journey. As
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an oath that they would accept the
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But the most effective branch of Ot
Page 473 and 474:
sultan 1551 , the Janissaries’ di
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Ahmed began to behave as if he had
Page 477 and 478:
instead of Amasya can be accounted
Page 479 and 480:
however, different. After Selim pro
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were the champions of the oppositio
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Janissaries, there was another mili
Page 485 and 486:
Taceddin Beg, who was the Karaman B
Page 487 and 488:
ve yardım ona kılsun kim inşaall
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7.2.3. Prince Murad, Nur Ali Khalif
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qizilbashes of Anatolia had conside
Page 493 and 494:
Sultan Ahmed sent troops against th
Page 495 and 496:
According to Idrīs, and some other
Page 497 and 498:
Shah. Celalzāde says, on the other
Page 499 and 500:
included him in his suit. Then they
Page 501 and 502:
yağmaladıkları mukarrer. Sultan
Page 503 and 504:
governor of Sivas. 1639 So Kemalpa
Page 505 and 506:
meantime, two Safavid khalifs, Şah
Page 507 and 508:
ādem cem’ idüb Sultan Musa üze
Page 509 and 510:
Mehmed’s letter clarifies two cru
Page 511 and 512:
Şadi Beg says that Ismail warned D
Page 513 and 514:
next spring. The qizilbash propagan
Page 515 and 516:
Dulkadir. 1679 Of course Taş-ili,
Page 517 and 518:
this idea and tore the letter from
Page 519 and 520:
CHAPTER VIII ÇALDIRAN, 1514: THE A
Page 521 and 522:
disclaim their tendency since the o
Page 523 and 524:
strong public expectations indicate
Page 525 and 526:
saru renkden ihtirāz olundığı g
Page 527 and 528:
group. Indeed, the Ottoman sultans
Page 529 and 530:
Selim-nāme authors unanimously nar
Page 531 and 532:
Selim, as reflected in Şükrī’s
Page 533 and 534:
Idrīs also emphasizes this point a
Page 535 and 536:
advises Sultan Selim that the ‘re
Page 537 and 538:
he blamed the statesmen and the sch
Page 539 and 540:
also appears another word which wou
Page 541 and 542:
Solakzāde states that Ismail made
Page 543 and 544:
their opinion about the legitimacy
Page 545 and 546:
to the statesmen as participants of
Page 547 and 548:
the qizilbashes and dispersing them
Page 549 and 550:
sentiments among the Ottoman elite
Page 551 and 552:
it repeats the name of the author,
Page 553 and 554:
about the identity of Hamza. He cla
Page 555 and 556:
or ‘Mevlāna Arab’. 1786 His fa
Page 557 and 558:
mission for himself. Taşköprizād
Page 559 and 560:
fanatic anti-qizilbash stand was li
Page 561 and 562:
already discussed the despising att
Page 563 and 564:
of ulemā must have written fetvās
Page 565 and 566:
that Süleyman I waged a campaign o
Page 567 and 568:
damned until doomsday.” 1817 Then
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population. 1821 Although this rati
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the people to be killed. The number
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egister, he would be aware of the s
Page 575 and 576:
Lütfi Çelebi veled-i Bazarluoğlu
Page 577 and 578:
Dülbendbastı Ali Amasiyye Ahmed .
Page 579 and 580:
qizilbash movements, and those who
Page 581 and 582:
Kasım (?) Karye-i Hallar Torul cen
Page 583 and 584:
joining Shah Ismail’s suite durin
Page 585 and 586:
ut also from its content reflecting
Page 587 and 588:
to the faces of Muslims, fused the
Page 589 and 590:
Rumelia to Anatolia where they coop
Page 591 and 592:
however, provisional anxieties were
Page 593 and 594:
my intentions in the beginning of m
Page 595 and 596:
Ismail’s letter annoyed Selim so
Page 597 and 598:
hunger and thirst! 1900 The situati
Page 599 and 600:
Then Sultan Selim favored this sugg
Page 601 and 602:
efore the Ottomans had time to comp
Page 603 and 604:
miğfer ve cevşen ü siper māni
Page 605 and 606:
made to marry Tāc-zāde Cafer Chel
Page 607 and 608:
CHAPTER IX THE AFTERMATH: THE WANIN
Page 609 and 610:
important consequence was that it b
Page 611 and 612:
defeat of Çaldıran, the qizilbash
Page 613 and 614:
These contemporary accounts clearly
Page 615 and 616:
abandoned in practice their unquest
Page 617 and 618:
depersonalization of political auth
Page 619 and 620:
development marked a decisive step
Page 621 and 622:
Khalifa, just like the office of ā
Page 623 and 624:
Muhammad Hudabende; the post of lal
Page 625 and 626:
success emerged. Nonetheless, none
Page 627 and 628:
Temam, when Sultan Selim proceeded
Page 629 and 630:
community within the Ottoman Empire
Page 631 and 632:
egion. 2016 Thenceforth, ‘unortho
Page 633 and 634:
the fading of the political and mil
Page 635 and 636:
lead. 2024 The vakıf of the tekke
Page 637 and 638:
administration tolerated and even e
Page 639 and 640:
social units maintaining a low degr
Page 641 and 642:
CHAPTER X CONCLUSION In the broades
Page 643 and 644:
is obvious that the expansion of th
Page 645 and 646:
synthesized at the cross-section of
Page 647 and 648:
as major ‘qizilbash zones’ and
Page 649 and 650:
territories, from then on the qizil
Page 651 and 652:
Mehmed b. Mehmed el-Fenārī eş-ş
Page 653 and 654:
Feridun Bey, Münşeât-ı Selātin
Page 655 and 656:
Menâkıb-ı Sultan Bayezid Han, Bi
Page 657 and 658:
Tevarih-i Al-i Osman (Die altosmani
Page 659 and 660:
Aslanoğlu, Đbrahim, Şah Đsmail
Page 661 and 662:
Bacqué-Grammont, Jean-Louis, “Sa
Page 663 and 664:
Baykara, Tuncay, “Yatağan’da A
Page 665 and 666:
Cahen, Claude, “Le problème du S
Page 667 and 668:
Eberhard, Elke, Osmanische Polemik
Page 669 and 670:
Fisher, Sydney Nettleton,The Foreig
Page 671 and 672:
Gölpınarlı, Abdülbaki, “Fazlu
Page 673 and 674:
Đnalcık, Halil, "Osmanlılar’da
Page 675 and 676:
and Society, Bloomington: Indiana U
Page 677 and 678:
Kissling, “Osmanlı Đmparatorlu
Page 679 and 680:
Lindner, Rudi Paul, Nomads and Otto
Page 681 and 682:
Mélikoff, Irène, “La Montagne e
Page 683 and 684:
Newman, Andrew, “The Myth of Cler
Page 685 and 686:
Ocak, Ahmet Yaşar, “Syncrétisme
Page 687 and 688:
Pastoral Production and Societies,
Page 689 and 690:
Sarıkaya, Saffet, XIII-XVI. Asırl
Page 691 and 692:
Stephane Yérasimos, La Foundation
Page 693 and 694:
Tapper, Richard, “Anthropologists
Page 695 and 696:
Ünal, Mehmet Ali, XVI. Yüzyılda
Page 697 and 698:
APPENDIX A: CHRONOLOGY 1326 The dea
Page 699 and 700:
1505 Ismail's ambassador in Istanbu
Page 701 and 702:
APPENDIX B: A SELECT LIST OF DOCUME
Page 703 and 704:
E 5483 Halep Melikü'l-ümerası Ha
Page 705 and 706:
E 6384 Sadi Paşa'nın isyancılar
Page 707 and 708:
E 8350 E 8505 E 8758 E 8922 E 8923
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