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A MEASURE-CENTRIC APPROACH TO DIFFUSE POLLUTION MODELLING AND COST-CURVE ANALYSIS OF MITIGATION MEASURES DR Chadwick 1 , BJ Chambers 2 , S Anthony 3 , S Granger 1 , PM Haygarth 1 , D Harris 3 and K Smith 3 1 IGER, North Wyke Research Station, Okehampton, Devon, EX20 2SB, UK, E-mail: david.chadwick@bbsrc.ac.uk; 2 ADAS, Gleadthorpe, Meden Vale, Mansfield, Notts, NG20 9PF, UK; 3 ADAS, Wolverhampton, Woodthorne, Wolverhampton, WV6 8TQ, UK SUMMARY A new model framework has been developed that explicitly represents the mode of action of individual mitigation measures for reducing diffuse water pollution. This measure centric framework is termed the ‘Cost-Cube’. The model represents the functional behaviour of pollutants and the associated processes and pathways that can be affected by remediation measures. It is based on an export coefficient approach but extended to provide explicit fractions of the total pollutant loss by unique aspects of the source, mobilisation and transport dimensions. This framework was used to explore mitigation options for ammonium, nitrite, biological oxygen demand, and pathogens in terms of their economics and applicability for a number of model farm systems. A cost benefit analysis was used to prioritise measures that work within the bounds of current agricultural practice. INTRODUCTION Protection of water quality requires implementation of land management options that reduce the totality of contributors to diffuse pollution including transfers of nutrients, sediment, organic matter, agrochemicals and potentially pathogenic organisms. To do this effectively, we require an understanding of the key behavioural characteristics of diffuse pollutant groups and the potential for targeting of measures. We have developed a new conceptual modelling framework that represents the mode of action of mitigation measures for reducing diffuse pollution, and we have coupled this to a cost-curve analysis. In this paper, we present the parameterisation and application of this ‘measure-centric’ framework, as well as the ultimate deliverable, a cost-curve analysis of mitigation measures. MATERIALS AND METHODS Model Framework A new conceptual modelling framework was developed to explicitly represent the mode of action of individual measures. This measure centric framework was centred on the ‘Cost-Cube’, an enhanced export coefficient model with three dimensions of pollutant source, mobilisation and transport (see, for example, RPA, 2003). The Cost-Cube explicitly represents the proportions of pollutant loss due each type of source, process of mobilisation and path of transport (Figure 1). These are referred to as the aspects of each dimension. For example, the mobilisation dimension is separated into the processes of solubilisation, detachment and contingent losses 93
(Haygarth and Jarvis, 1999). The volume of the cost-cube is proportional to the total pollutant loss. If each combination of dimension and aspect is equally important in contributing to the observed pollutant loss, then the Cost-Cube is made up of 27 equally sized cubes. MOBILISATION Contingent S olubilis able Detachment Internal External Recycled SOURCE Surface Preferential Through TRANSPORT Figure 1: Dimensions and aspects of the Cost-Cube model A control measure that reduces pollutant losses can be visualised as targeting one or more of the cubes, reducing their volume and hence the magnitude of total pollutant loss, i.e. the sum of all the cube volumes. For example, a measure that affects animal diet to reduce the quantity of pollutant excreted will reduce the volume of all cubes on the recycled-source aspect dimension. A measure that involved careful spreading of animal manure to minimise losses by surface run-off will reduce the volume of all cubes on the recycled-source and surface-transport aspect dimensions. A farm system can be represented by one or more Cost-Cubes, making explicit the total pollutant loss and the relative importance of the pollutant pathways. Data in the literature were used to characterise control measures by their costs and percentage efficiencies. Each measure was assigned a target area on the Cost- Cube, using the dimension and aspect co-ordinate system, explicitly representing their mode of action in the measure centric framework. This information was then used by a mathematical sub-model to calculate the best order of implementation of the measures with the objective of achieving maximum pollution reduction for minimum cost. Such a calculation of the ‘cost-curve’ assumes that measure effects are multiplicative. Parameterisation The Cost-Cube model can be parameterised using the output from mechanistic models or by summarising empirical data and expert opinion. In our approach, experts were asked, for example, to estimate the proportion of the total pollutant loss due to detachment or solubilisation processes of mobilisation. Careful and iterative questioning, together with group discussions and review, allowed us to define expert expectations of the relative importance of each aspect of the pollutant source, 94
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International Water Association AGR
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2006 Conference Organising Committe
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Theme 2: Cost-effectiveness of Best
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Poster Presentations The Farm Soils
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viii
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managers need support in understand
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During the past 20 years, it became
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infiltration); and (4) capture, sto
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DOMINATING PARAMETERS OF IMPAIRMENT
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Using the results of the unsupervis
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Kohonen T (2001). Self-Organizing M
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WATER FRAMEWORK DIRECTIVE IMPLEMENT
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Table 1: Modelled total annual loss
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• It should be possible to apply
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Scottish Executive against 18 measu
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REFERENCES Anthony S, Betson M, Lor
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ased on the ‘drainage basin’ in
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management practices’ (BMPs) toge
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It is envisaged that these data wil
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testing (including climate change)
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Council of the European Communities
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DECREASING THE NITROGEN SOIL SURFAC
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Table 1: Overview of the measures c
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Table 2: Costs (C), effects (E) and
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Figure 2: Combination of ‘best av
Page 51 and 52: MATERIALS AND METHODS At the 5-km 2
Page 53 and 54: REFERENCES Jordan P, Menary W, Daly
Page 55 and 56: Although the TMDL programme origina
Page 57 and 58: grassland and heather moorland, sup
Page 59 and 60: Given that the release of P from th
Page 61 and 62: to the underlying causes, and thus
Page 63 and 64: All water body use attainment infor
Page 65 and 66: indicate the possible presence of p
Page 67 and 68: DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF M
Page 69 and 70: BMP is being implemented and the ap
Page 71 and 72: THE USE OF PONDS TO REDUCE POLLUTIO
Page 73 and 74: established pond/wetland for nutrie
Page 75 and 76: Table 1: Hydraulic load, mean water
Page 77 and 78: Comparable SS removals have been re
Page 79 and 80: Reddy GB, Hunt PG, Phillips R, Ston
Page 81 and 82: In general, the combinations of mea
Page 83 and 84: final word on the POMs selection an
Page 85 and 86: CONCLUSIONS The ERBD project team i
Page 87 and 88: Table 1: A summary of the measures
Page 89 and 90: Table 3: A summary of the represent
Page 91 and 92: cost (£'000/farm) or reduction in
Page 93 and 94: ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS OF MINIMISING
Page 95 and 96: spread cattle slurry in the autumn
Page 97 and 98: £25,000. The investment in trailin
Page 99 and 100: Studies on a drained clay soil at B
Page 101: REFERENCES Anon (2000). Fertiliser
Page 105 and 106: Application Representative farm sys
Page 107 and 108: Table 2: Modelled cost-curve for th
Page 109 and 110: ASSESSING THE SIGNIFICANCE OF DIFFU
Page 111 and 112: In the absence of data on the sourc
Page 113 and 114: Magnitude of Impacts The magnitude
Page 115 and 116: D. Use relative area of farm and wh
Page 117 and 118: ADAS has developed a matrix for Def
Page 119 and 120: Dickson JW, Edwards T, Jeffrey WA,
Page 121 and 122: 60% phosphorus and 50% nitrogen of
Page 123 and 124: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Landscape St
Page 125 and 126: was contributed to the low vegetati
Page 127 and 128: iological uptake in a grassed area.
Page 129 and 130: Tim US, Jolly R and Liao HH (1995).
Page 131 and 132: to control SS and P loads from agri
Page 133 and 134: Total P inputs in fertilisers and m
Page 135 and 136: Within the Teme catchment, largest
Page 137 and 138: A RISK ASSESSMENT AND MITIGATION ST
Page 139 and 140: Environmental Monitoring The primar
Page 141 and 142: BMP measure 1 (exclusion of stock f
Page 143 and 144: (a) With reference to the increase
Page 145 and 146: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS SAC acknowledges f
Page 147 and 148: The Environment Sensitive Farming (
Page 149 and 150: improved further as a result of att
Page 151 and 152: to do more to reduce pesticide impa
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MANAGING DIFFUSE POLLUTION FROM A F
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turbulent air mixing. The effect th
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Although nitrate leaching can be re
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infiltration of water sheeting off
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Nisbet TR, Orr H and Broadmeadow S
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anthropogenic activities are pollut
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monitoring is determined up front b
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(USEPA). Nevertheless, by applying
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• Sampling equipment •Laborator
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Reinert RE, Knuth BA, Kamrin MA and
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Tier 3 - Tier 3 of LMCs is planned
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policy literature, although this is
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Figure 1: Individual-collective spe
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• tailoring activities to local c
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The support of the
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THE EFFECT OF DIFFUSE POLLUTION FRO
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equires the Minister to designate a
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protection and restoration, sustain
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expensive. One-to-one contact becom
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farmers. In England, recent policy
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practices but, hopefully, the chang
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A CASE STUDY: ADOPTION OF BEST MANA
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The approaches taken by Brittany to
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MANURE TREATMENT By January 2005, t
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REGULATORY OPTIONS FOR THE MANAGEME
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There are also measures that contro
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widely recognised as needing much a
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ploughed, of rivers and streams tha
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is the only mechanism identified fo
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PHOSPHORUS STORAGE IN FINE CHANNEL
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structure and minimum level of main
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REFERENCES May L, Place C, O’Hea
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LOUND CATCHMENT PROJECT: WORKING WI
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MINIMISING THE PRESSURES AND IMPACT
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Predicting Bathing Water Quality Vi
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Risk of illness percentages were ca
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Table 4: Expected lifetime benefits
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DETERMINATION OF THE VETERINARY ANT
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Thin Layer Chromatography The sampl
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Table 2: Regression functions and c
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OPPORTUNITIES AND CONSTRAINTS FOR U
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to land managers and agency staff t
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stakeholders, together with their i
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REFERENCES EC (2000). Directive 200
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A third scenario was applied to Clu
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Based on a detailed distribution of
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could be misleading. The results of
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TACKLING DIFFUSE NITRATE POLLUTION:
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AMMONIA VOLATILISATION FROM CATTLE
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and 27% of the soil surface at 80 m
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FIELD TESTING OF MITIGATION OPTIONS
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techniques can significantly reduce
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NITRATE CONTAMINATION OF GROUNDWATE
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MATERIALS AND METHODS At two UK sit
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Funding of this wo
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y standard methods and fresh, end o
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comparable to those in water draini
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Results may be influential in deter
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• numbers and distribution of liv
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Using this method of classification
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Table 5: Results of land use scenar
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CONCLUSIONS As a decision support t
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types. This paper reports results f
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N Losses in Drainage Water Mean nit
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SOIL AND CROP MANAGEMENT EFFECTS ON
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treatments, typically 10 storm even
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Tramline Effects In both years, obs
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Notes 278
show all

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